![\"Divider\"](\"http:\/\/irefuteitthus.local\/wp-content\/uploads\/Blogpost-Divider-4.jpg\" "\\"DIVIDER\\"")
\n\t\t\t\t![\"Toppled](\"http:\/\/irefuteitthus.local\/wp-content\/uploads\/CYM0021BW15X10Psmall.jpg\" "\\"CYM0021BW15X10Psmall\\"")
\n\t“Heavy weather, heavy soul, heavy heart. That is an uncomfortable trinity, isn’t it?”\n(Welsh poet, Hedd Wyn, from a letter home, from the front)\n
Gary Hill<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t“Heavy weather, heavy soul, heavy heart. That is an uncomfortable trinity, isn’t it?”
\n(Welsh poet, Hedd Wyn, from a letter home, from the front)\n
The Great War of 1914-1918 carries H G Wells’ epithet\u00a0“the war to end all wars”<\/em>. Which it would never be. For, as the German philosopher Ernst J\u00fcnger, himself a combatant, so perceptively remarked:<\/p>\n “Nothing is ever so terrible that some bold and amusing fellow can’t trump it<\/em>.”<\/p>\n It began, as Bismarck had predicted, as “some damn thing in the Balkans<\/em>“. That “damn thing”<\/em>\u00a0was not a military invasion, however, but the machinations of a handful of disgruntled young nationalists that unfolded as a dark comedy. Nineteen year old Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip (an ethnic Serb, though not a Serbian citizen, being born a Bosnian)\u00a0<\/a>is blamed to this day but several potential assassins lay in wait in Sarajevo on that fateful morning of June 28th 1914 for the visit of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. As the six-car motorcade passed by, the first would-be assassin was unable to throw his hand grenade because he found himself standing immediately in front of a policeman. The second, a student named \u00a0Nedeljko\u00a0\u010cabrinovi\u0107,\u00a0also aged nineteen years, managed to lob his grenade but the Archduke’s driver spotted it in mid-air and accelerated. It bounced off the back of the car, landing in the fourth car of the entourage and exploded, seriously injuring two of its occupants as well as several bystanders. \u010cabrinovi\u0107\u00a0<\/a>then ran off, swallowing an out-of-date potassium cyanide capsule that had lost its potency and, in a scene reminiscent of the silent comedy movies of the day, hurled himself into the 10cm deep River Milijacka\u00a0where he was unceremoniously hauled out by police.<\/p>\n The Archduke carried on to the town hall where he delivered a speech in which he castigated the Mayor of Sarajevo for such lax security. Then, less than an hour after the assassination attempt, Archduke Ferdinand was\u00a0en route<\/em>\u00a0to the hospital to visit the victims when his driver accidentally turned into the street where\u00a0Princip\u00a0and his co-conspirators were hanging out at a cafe, having sauntered away assuming their opportunity was lost. Realising his mistake, the driver reversed the car but the engine stalled. Princip saw his chance, and walked to within 2 metres of the Archduke, resplendent in his Cavalry General’s dress uniform with absurdly high plumed headdress, reminiscent of Jonathan Smith’s description of the alpha male of some avian species: “The Cock of Lordly Plume<\/em>“.\u00a0As is the case with many examples of Darwinian sexual selection, the vain proof of the Archduke’s supposed sexual and social superiority was worn at the expense of being overly conspicuousness to any predator. Princip was therefore in no doubt as to which man was his target. He duly shot him then aimed at General Oskar Potiorek, the military governor of Bosnia, but missed and ended up shooting Ferdinand’s wife Sophie, complementing her husband’s plumage by wearing a ridiculously voluminous dress. Princip too attempted suicide using a weakened cyanide capsule but vomited it back up and was arrested by police as he attempted to shoot himself.<\/p>\n It is, of course, simplistic in the extreme to assume that Princip alone was responsible for the war. He was merely the catalyst that ignited a powder keg that had smouldered across Europe for some years. What followed, however, was no less than a fervent dash by all the major players to reach the pinnacle of the mountain of human stupidity. Historian Christopher Clark sums it up in his book ‘The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914’ (2013):<\/p>\n “The outbreak of war in 1914 is not an Agatha Christie drama at the end of which we will discover the culprit standing over a corpse in the conservatory with a smoking pistol. There is no smoking gun in this story; or, rather, there is one in the hands of every major character.”\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n Princip and his co-conspirators were inept but lucky. Yet their luck had truly terrible consequences for the ordinary folk of Europe. True, they did ultimately succeed in freeing Bosnia of the shackles of Habsburg rule, and by doing so created a vibrant Serbian nation, yet this came at so high a price that no-one could possibly have envisaged; unquantifiable economic, cultural, social and personal ramifications in every community, large and small, of every country affected by the war. Around 37 million people died. And the deaths came quickly. Within eight weeks of Princip firing his shots 300,000 Austrian-Hungarian soldiers had been killed and another 100,000 taken prisoner. In addition, 260,000 Frenchmen had died. It has been estimated that, at the height of the war, during the Battle of the Somme, from July to November 1916, an incredible seven deaths per second were counted.<\/p>\n By the end of it all, four empires had been brought to their knees, including Britain relinquishing her position as the world’s largest economy to the USA. The political influence of Europe’s royal dynasties was considerably reduced, rigid state socialism came to Russia for seventy years (along with the Cold War), Mussolini’s fascism was to arrive in Italy and, partly because of the crushing ignominy and economic damage brought on by the Treaty of Versailles, Germany and the whole world eventually suffered Hitler, Nazism and the Holocaust.<\/p>\n Unmistakeable consequences can be recognised in even the smallest of European communities. In rural Wales, the relative geographical isolation, the Welsh language, nonconformist Puritanism, relentless poverty and even poetry had traditionally knitted the people together. All this was to change. Some villages saw a large proportion of the males of a whole generation disappear within a few short years, never to return. Their insularity was breached. Young men who had never travelled outside of their local area suddenly found themselves in foreign lands, with different climates, languages, customs and religious and political attitudes. For the first time they had no choice but to look outward onto the world. The inevitable cultural and political effects were recognised before the end of the war. Jack Yates, writing in the ‘Cambrian News’ of April 17th, 1917 asked:<\/p>\n “What are we going to do for the boys after the war? We have not changed, but our boys have changed, and the change in them must be reflected in us. They are roughing it shoulder to shoulder with the free born men of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and have made chums of them. What are we going to do? Are we to keep them or are they going to the Colonies? We in the past have had no use for the development of our social or political life………….every man must have a chance to rise on the ladder of life – caste, clique, and panderings to so-called superior people must be a thing of the past.”<\/em><\/p>\n Rarely had the human world observed such enormous disparity between cause and effect. If Princip’s words during his trial, “I am not a criminal<\/em>\u00a0because I destroyed that which was evil”<\/em>\u00a0did not haunt him before he died in April 1918 of tuberculosis (he was two weeks too young to earn the death penalty; two years afterward \u010cabrinovi\u0107 died of the same disease), they would surely have haunted him had he lived to old age. Ferdinand’s murder impelled Europe’s leading players to recklessly activate their complex system of mutual defence obligations. Powerful military establishments all, terrified that their neighbours would mobilise first. Only two months earlier, US President Woodrow Wilson’s military adviser and special envoy to Europe Colonel Edward House had bluntly described the political mood in Europe as “militarism run stark mad<\/em>.” And the irony is that Ferdinand himself actually favoured his government having a conciliatory attitude to the Serbs.<\/p>\n Austro-Hungarian diplomats were quick to blame the Serbian authorities, though there is no evidence their government conspired to kill Archduke Ferdinand, other than the few rogue elements in the military who had provided Princip and his co-conspirators with some arms. It was not long afterward that Oskar von Montlong, press attach\u00e9 at the Ministry of Foreign affairs initially claimed:<\/p>\n “We have no plans for conquest, we only want to punish the criminals and protect the peace of Europe.”<\/em><\/p>\n The Russian Ambassador to Belgrade even telegrammed Moscow to confirm he would be taking his summer vacation as planned as little of importance was happening there. In mere days, however, Vienna started demanded a greatly increased role in the governing of Serbia. Within the following five weeks Russia mobilised its army in order to protect Serbia from the increasingly aggressive Austro-Hungarian diplomatic and military posturing and Germany, in turn, lent support to their Austrian neighbours. Even though Serbia largely capitulated to Austro-Hungarian demands, they invaded nonetheless in what we can now view as a hasty show of pride. The French then fulfilled their Triple Entente Treaty obligations toward Russia, forged due to their shared suspicion of Germany, and no doubt to their having lost the territories of Alsace and Lorraine to them forty-odd years earlier. The French ambassador to Berlin, Jules Cambon, was particularly provocative:<\/p>\n “It is false that in Germany the nation is peaceful and the government is bellicose-the exact opposite is true.”<\/em><\/p>\n Even neutral Belgium (and even smaller Luxembourg) were unwillingly dragged into the mire by Germany whose General Ludendorff threatened to, and eventually did\u00a0“bang on the gates”<\/em>\u00a0if they refused to cede access to its troops. And refuse to cede they bravely did; an act which proved to be a propaganda windfall for those in Britain who were eager for war. And so finally, Britain, the third member of the Triple Entente, which pledged to uphold Belgian neutrality, decided to also honour its commitments and declared war on Germany, leading Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey to famously lament:<\/p>\n “…………..the lamps are going out all over Europe; we shall not see them lit again in our lifetime.<\/em>“<\/p>\n By the time bullets and bombs were flying, the spat between governments in Belgrade and Vienna was no longer of any importance. With the exception of republican France, however, the war can be characterised not only as a series of international disagreements between governments but more of a family argument that had gotten way out of control. A little more than a decade earlier Britain’s Queen Victoria had died. At her funeral, Germany’s Kaiser Wilhelm II, ludicrously adorned in a suit of shining armour minus any damsels in distress, rode his horse alongside that of his uncle, Victoria’s heir King Edward VII, and his cousin, Tzar Nikolaus\u00a0II of Russia. Victoria’s eldest daughter was Wilhelm’s mother and her official title referenced both the British and German connection; ‘Kaiserin Friedrich Victoria Adelaide Marie Louise, Princess Royal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland’ while Albert, Victoria’s husband and Wilhelm’s grandfather, was officially known in Germany as Albert Franz August Karl Emanuel von Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha. The extended family were to come together again in London nine years later, in May 1910, to bury Edward VII. This occasion saw nine blood-related kings on horses accompanied by seven queens, followed by five heirs apparent. Then, a little over four years later, each family’s loyal subjects started massacring each other, in somewhat dark satirical fashion, led by a Russian general with a German name, ‘Rennenkampf’, a German general named ‘Francois’, and an English general named French. By the end of the war, Wilhelm was in exile, the Austrian Emperor had abdicated and Nikolaus and his immediate family had been murdered.<\/p>\n It has been argued that, had the monarchies been in a position to flex any real political muscle, the war would not have occurred. This may be so. However, family rifts tend to run deep and long, especially when the family silver is the size of a continent. Wilhelm clearly bore a grudge. In an interview in ‘The Telegraph’ in 1908 he accused\u00a0“you English”\u00a0<\/em>of being\u00a0“mad, mad, mad as March hares.”<\/em>\u00a0His reasoning was that the rapid program of construction of Germany’s modern navy was no threat to his European neighbours. It was solely to counteract Japanese power. Few outside of Germany believed him and a few years later he contradicted himself:<\/p>\n “All the long years of my reign, my colleagues, the Monarchs of Europe, have paid no attention to what I have to say. Soon, with my great Navy to endorse my words, they will be more respectful.”<\/em><\/p>\n The Kaiser had a reputation for being impulsive and prone to belligerent language but later disclosures from personal correspondences and diaries do bear out his feeling that he had been ostracised by his extended family. Even though he was a personal friend of the murdered Archduke, however, this in no way excuses his childish petulance, his threat of what\u00a0“my great Navy”<\/em>\u00a0might do to innocents. The stark reality is that the political elite as a whole, monarchs, parliamentarians, the military establishments and even newspaper proprietors, displayed a wanton lack of both an understanding of the situation or any heed for ordinary citizens. This is no more evidenced than by the relatively meagre newspaper coverage given in Britain to the murder of Archduke Ferdinand compared with, say, the Tonypandy Riots (1910), the National Railway Strike (1911), the National Coal Strike (1912), or the Dublin Lockout (1913). Indigenous peasants revolting against their rightful masters were always going to be a bigger story for those wielding real political power than the murder of an Eastern European noble many of their readers would never have heard about before.<\/p>\n In possibly the finest novel written in the Welsh language, ‘Traed mewn Cyffion’ (‘Feet in Chains’; 1936), Kate Roberts wrote of the Welsh people’s bafflement:<\/p>\n “When war broke out no-one knew what to make of it.”<\/em><\/p>\n For most, their only point of comparison was the Boer War a decade or so earlier; fought by a professional army in an infeasibly distant place, having little or no impact on everyday life in either urban or rural Wales. Roberts’ was describing, as fellow author James Vilares\u00a0<\/a>points out:<\/p>\n “…………a<\/em>\u00a0realist’s Wales, a Wales where wages are low, working conditions poor, worker unity uncommon, food scarce and education scarcer.”<\/em><\/p>\n But what excuse could the well-educated, well-paid and full-bellied London intelligentsia proffer for their own ignorance? Incredibly, a day or so later, the London Telegraph’s editorial demonstrated that their best political analysts were no more in the loop than Kate Roberts’ hapless Welsh characters:<\/p>\n“…………..the circumstances are so peculiar that it is very difficult to understand the reasons for the crime or the exact motives of the murderer”\u00a0<\/em>and that the only result would be to\u00a0“exasperate Teutonic feeling against the Slav nationality.” The fact remains that there lacked a single person in any position of power with the insight, courage or will to manage the impending crisis by forging some sort of compromise between either the extended royal family, their governments or both. It seems a classic case of the Dunning-Kruger effect; little ability to perform any credible analyses accompanied by overestimations of military capability, particularly by France and Russia who were late to realise the magnitude of the early German advances (having concocted a plan to overcome most of Europe in as little as 39 days). Military planning was also poor, including the use of 19th century assault tactics in response to German 20th century mechanised firepower and, as we with recent military campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq, no thought given to any viable exit strategy. In short, each government had viewed war as a politically expedient opportunity, rather than a catastrophe to be avoided. Certainly, British Prime Minister Herbert Asquith and his Cabinet could have chosen to not get involved. But, as they pointed out, was it really feasible to stand back and take the risk that the Germans would capture the ports on the opposite side of the channel from which they could base their navy? Nevertheless, like other governments and their roused citizens, they became deluded by the notion that war would be short-lived and certainly go their way; “Home for Christmas<\/em>” was the popular slogan. An editorial in the ‘Freethinker’ of August 16th 1914 probably best summed up the mood across Europe:<\/p>\n “…………….peace at any price is as mad a policy as war at every opportunity.”<\/em><\/p>\n Nowadays the only visible reminder of the First World War in the towns and many of the villages throughout Wales is the war memorial. The rural village of Llanfrothen in the modern county of Gwynedd is no exception. Erected in 1922 it lists the names of the dead who had resided in Llanfrothen Parish, which includes the neighbouring hamlets of Croesor and Rhyd. The Grade II listed monument was designed by Sir Clough Williams-Ellis, a noted and prolific architect and resident of Llanfrothen for most of his life who himself had served in the Welsh Guards and Royal Tank Corps between 1915 and 1918. Best known for his construction of the nearby Italianate village of Portmeirion, the stone memorial, not surprisingly, is more ornate than most. It comprises a square tower whose walls taper inward, culminating in a pyramidal roof with a finial resembling a flaming urn sitting atop. After World War II the names of local men who had given their lives were carved on a slate slab located directly opposite to the inward facing slate plaque which commemorates the First World War dead. The name of Clough’s son, Lieutenant Christopher Williams-Ellis of the Welsh Guards, is carved into the later slate. He was killed in battle at Montecassino, Italy in 1945.<\/p>\n There are seventeen names on the slate plaque concerned with the First World War. They served in all three forces, though the majority were in the army. Arranged in alphabetical order they are, as inscribed:<\/p>\n E Ellis;\u00a0 H D Evans;\u00a0 J O Evans;\u00a0 R R Griffiths;\u00a0 D P Jones;\u00a0 E Jones; \u00a0H Jones; \u00a0J O Jones;\u00a0 W Kellow; \u00a0D Owen; \u00a0E Owen; \u00a0O E Owen; \u00a0S Owen; \u00a0D M Williams; \u00a0R D Williams; \u00a0W D Williams; \u00a0W R Williams.<\/p>\n Echoing Jack Yates’ newspaper article of 1917, Morfudd Nia Jones, writing on the National Library of Wales website, describes young men like these from rural Wales:<\/p>\n “These were Welsh-speaking, simple, unpretentious working-class boys”\u00a0<\/em>now living in\u00a0“the bigger world they’d been forced to inhabit by the declaration of war.”\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n Applied to the men from Llanfrothen Parish, she describes all of them (with a single exception) well. They would probably have stood out most noticeably by having English as a second language. Data gleaned from the 1891 census in the administrative district of Ffestiniog, which included Llanfrothen Parish, shows that slightly fewer than 77% reported themselves as monoglot Welsh while fewer than 2.5% could speak only English. These figures are prone to some exaggeration, certainly, as some people are known to have claimed no knowledge of spoken English in an attempt to bolster the standing of the Welsh language. This was undoubtedly intended to counter, among other things, the prevailing attitude in their children’s education to the effect that ‘Englishness’ and fluency in the English language was a cultural norm and failure to grasp this ‘fact’ and act accordingly branded a child as somehow intellectually inferior. There is a plethora of disapproving reports from government inspectors of the day attesting to this view, littered with disapproving comments like “Emrys Jones has the Welsh accent rather strong when speaking English<\/em>” and “James Hedley Jacob’s accent would be noticeable out of Wales<\/em>.” As local historian Bob Owen noted, the result was often children more knowledgeable of the geography of the Lake District than their native Snowdonia and of “third rate English poets<\/em>” than local Welsh poets.<\/p>\n Nevertheless, such subterfuge by parents would have impacted only on the perception of bilingualism; the number of those who considered and used Welsh as their daily first language would have remained unaffected. Whatever the actual situation, it remains the case that twenty years later, in the census of 1911, 37.5% of the population of the county of Meirionethshire (of which Llanfrothen is part) still described themselves as monoglot Welsh speakers. These local statistics were unable to be sustained throughout Wales, however, for the war had a significant effect on the language. Half of the soldiers who enlisted in Wales and later killed were first-language Welsh speakers and so the decade 1911-1921 saw an unparalleled decrease of 15% in the total numbers of Welsh speakers.<\/p>\n Ironically, this loss of first-language Welsh speakers occurred after several decades of a slow but sure appreciation from outside Wales of its distinct cultural and national identity. The first sign of this was probably the passing of the 1881 Welsh Sunday Closing Act, followed by Cardiff attaining city status in 1905. The following year saw the newly elected Liberal government establishing several Welsh-only bodies, including a Department of the Board of Education, the National Council for Wales for Agriculture, and a Welsh Insurance Commission, along with a National Library and National Museum. It is telling, then, that the fledgling modern nationhood of Wales (as well as recognition of the already well established national identities of Scotland and Ireland) was so blithely ignored in some quarters. This is amply illustrated by the very first words to the forward of the document ‘The Roll of Honour: A Biographical Record of all members of His Majesties Naval and military Forces Who Have Fallen in the War’:<\/p>\n “These men have laid down their lives for England………..<\/em>“<\/p>\n This is insulting to the memory of those Welshmen who gave their lives. It is likely that few would have seen themselves as risking their lives solely for the good of England. Wales, yes. Britain maybe, but not England alone. The Irish writer Padraig Yeates recounts how his grandfather, on receiving a medal for gallantry, replied to the King’s patronising “congratulations, Paddy<\/em>” with the retort “thanks, Kingy<\/em>“. It was, writes Yeates in his essay ‘No Poppy, Please’:<\/p>\n “His way of saying he was not fighting for king and country, to save the British Empire or to keep his betters in the manner to which they felt entitled.”<\/em><\/p>\n Indeed, the decisive factor for some Welshmen (and no doubt some Irishmen) was a sense of kinship with Belgium, another small nation with politically and culturally overpowering neighbours. As local politician Lloyd George declared, the war was one, “fought on behalf of five foot five nations<\/em>.” Worse, the ‘Roll of Honour’ is scandalously incomplete and its content overwhelmingly English. Only one of those seventeen men from Llanfrothen Parish named on the memorial stone rates a mention; the only one who had achieved an officer’s commission.\u00a0Not surprisingly, attitudes like this, as well as the influence of some nonconformist preachers, had traditionally led the Welsh to be less than enthusiastic at the idea of serving in a British army dominated by the English. As the poet Robert Graves observed:<\/p>\n “The chapels held soldiering to be sinful and in Merioneth the chapels had the last word<\/em>.”<\/p>\n In 1913, although the population of Wales constituted 5.4% of the total British population, only 1.8% of the British army were sourced from Wales. Even Welsh regiments were forced to regularly recruit in England, leading to the Royal Welsh Fusiliers being known colloquially as ‘The Royal Birmingham Fusliers’. Although Welsh enlistment picked up at the start of the war, they still lagged behind the rest of Britain; whereas 6.61% of Scottish and 6.04% of English males enlisted within the first month, the figure was 5.83% for Welsh men. The figure for\u00a0bona fide<\/em>\u00a0Welshmen was actually lower; it is estimated that around 20% of the men living in Wales who had voluntarily enlisted at the start of war had been born in England. Nor was this attitude confined to Welshmen living in Wales. In October 1914, the ‘South Wales Daily News’ reported that plans to raise a separate London Welsh Regiment had to be been abandoned as only half of the necessary one thousand men had enlisted. These were later incorporated into the 15th Battalion of the Royal Welsh Fusiliers. It is ironic, then, that the casualty rate for soldiers from Merionethshire, a region that saw hardly any English immigration compared to South-East Wales, was twice that of the national average.<\/p>\n So, while the events that that began the war are often portrayed as the stuff of high society, recounting tales of prime ministers, aristocrats and generals, the day to day reality of the war itself, of the rank and file fighting soldier; the butcher, the baker and the candlestick maker, or, in the case of the men from Llanfrothen, the quarryman and farm worker, was as far as you can get from such opulent fantasy. What follows here, as well as can be pieced together, are the brief lives of ordinary young Welshmen who found themselves, through no particular desire or fault of their own, embedded in situations of extraordinary madness.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n William David Williams (1895-1915)<\/strong><\/p>\n The first man to die with a connection to Llanfrothen Parish was William David Williams. Records indicate that he was born in Llanfrothen in 1895 to Owen and Ellen Williams (n\u00e9e Lloyd) and baptised in Llanfrothen church on June 2nd 1895. A church baptism, while it would hold no particular significance in most European countries, was not the norm for a working class family in Llanfrothen, due to the strong nonconformist religious tradition in Wales. The then Anglican-parented ‘Church in Wales’ (disestablished in 1921) had long been associated with cultural ‘Englishness’ and ‘landlordism’ and catered largely to the local English and ‘aspiring’ Welsh who tended to speak English by choice, even when their own language could be fully understood and fluently spoken. In other words, attending church, rather than a chapel belonging to a nonconformist sect, was often seen as a prime social indicator of influence and wealth or the desire for that influence and wealth. Thus the majority of working class families in Llanfrothen Parish (or indeed most rural Welsh villages) in the early part of the twentieth century did not attend church and did not baptise their children in the church.<\/p>\n Also unusually for the era, William David appears to have been an only child. The war memorial lists the family as having lived at ‘Penstep’, then two separate dwellings and now a single residence. However, mistakes on war memorials are by no means unusual and if indeed he did live there it appears to have been only for a short time. According to the 1901 census the family lived in one of the Plas Brondanw apartments and on that particular night William David was staying with his maternal grandparents David & Anne Lloyd at Pen Y Domen, a nearby cottage. By the time of the next census\u00a0 in 1911 his maternal grandparents (but not his parents), are listed as residing at Penstep, but William David Williams, then aged 16 years, was living and working on a farm named Ty’n Dwr owned by a Jannett Griffith aged 76 years and her daughter, also Jannett, aged 50 years. Then, sometime between 1911 and 1914 William David appears to have shifted to South Wales, either with, or to join his parents, and subsequently lived with them at 23 Penn Street, Treharris, Glamorgan.<\/p>\n It was here that William David Williams volunteered for the army at the start of war, assigned to the 1st Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment\u00a0(regimental number 12318) where he served as a Private. In September 1940 the War Office repository in Arnside Street, London was badly damaged in a German bombing raid. Over half of enlistment documents, as well as other First World War records were either burnt or heavily damaged by water, including those of William David Williams. There is therefore no enlistment record indicating how he made his living, which might give some clue as to why the family relocated to South Wales. Most likely, however, the move was made to take advantage of the higher wages, and more regular work, as well as the more enticing urban lifestyle available in the South Wales coal producing regions.<\/p>\n Coal was an industry which had undergone an astonishing rate of growth in the previous half century. There were 688 collieries in South Wales in 1910, employing 10% of all the males then residing in Wales and responsible for producing a third of all the coal mined in the world at that time. The requirement for labour caused a 253% increase in population in the county of Glamorgan between 1861 and 1911, a rate of immigration matched only by the United States. The population of the Rhondda Valley alone, for example, had increased from 12,000 to 128,000 in the 30 years following 1861. Comparisons of censuses between1851 to 1911 indicate the impact that the coalfields had on the Welsh demographic; by 1911 more than two-thirds of the total population of Wales lived in either Glamorgan or Monmouthshire. The coalfields were also directly responsible for a massive concurrent increase in urbanisation. In 1851 Wales was an overwhelmingly rural nation with eight in ten of the population resided in rural parishes and small villages, such as Llanfrothen. However, by 1911 this figure had halved and was now considerably less than 50%. Thus the majority of Welsh people, such as the Williams family, were now living in urbanised areas such as Treharris. Indeed, It would surprise many people to know that the proportion of the Welsh population who made their living from agriculture, forestry and fishing in 1911 was as low as 12%.<\/p>\n Another reason for moving from that part of Wales where a large number of the workforce had traditionally been employed in slate-quarrying (in Llanfrothen, by far the majority of men) to a coal mining district might have been the perception that coal mining was a far safer option. The Inspector of Mines for North Wales, Clement La Neve\u00a0Foster had written in one of his annual reports in the late 1890s that:<\/p>\n “The average death rate from accidents underground is nearly twice as high in the slate mines as in other mines of my district……………as far as safety is concerned it is better to work in a colliery than in an underground slate mine.”\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n In a paper authored by Dr John Williams in the 1890s, ‘Peryglon i lechyd y Chwarelwr’ (Dangers to the Health of the Quarryman) quantifiable evidence was presented of the dangers inherent in slate quarrying. Between 1883 and 1893 the mean age at death of those employed in the dressing sheds where slate dust was most concentrated was 47.9 years. Those working underground actually digging the slate had the advantage of only a few more months, 48.1 years. In contrast, the mean age of death for those men with least exposure to the dust, such as engine drivers and plate layers, was well above the national average, at 60.3 years.<\/p>\n In the event, William David Williams was not to succumb to a mining disease or a pit disaster in either a slate quarry or coal mine. He was killed in action on May 9th 1915 during the Battle of Aubers Ridge. This joint Franco-British attack was initially planned for several days earlier but heavy rain on May 6th followed by dense mist on May 7th had caused a postponement. May 9th was a sunny, cloudless day. The following extract is from a letter written on the day by Harry Boneham, of Mansfield, England, an infantryman at Aubers, to the landlord of his local pub. It was published in the ‘Mansfield Chronicle’ on May 21st 1915:<\/p>\n “Eventually, however, we saw streams of light in the east, followed shortly afterwards by a beautiful sunrise. Skylarks were whistling overhead as gaily as could be, as if there were no such thing as war in the world. What a change in the state of affairs there was a few minutes later though. A single shell came howling through the air from one of our big guns far at the back. This was followed by a regular hurricane of shells from all the guns that had been massed for the attack. The noise was deafening, what with the whizzing overhead and the explosions in front, while the sight behind the German trenches reminded one of a storm at sea, clouds of dust and earth being thrown into the air much as the spray is when waves dash on the rocks”<\/em><\/p>\n Official records show the British army suffered 11,619 casualties at Aubers Ridge yet they made no advance on the German line at all; the vast majority fell in the most pointless way imaginable, within a few metres of their front-line trench. By the time the 1st Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment attacked during the afternoon, most of the British losses had already occurred. William David Williams’ regiment were no doubt aware of this. One can only imagine the ominous mood that must have prevailed as they climbed out of their trenches with the knowledge that so many of their comrades had already been mowed down by machine guns. That afternoon, twenty-one year old William David Williams fell too, alongside 261 of his regimental colleagues.<\/p>\n Although the use of machine guns was not unknown to any of the European armies, they had previously only been used against the natives of colonial territories and never on European soil. They had, nevertheless, been used with devastating effectiveness. During the Maji-Maji rebellion in German East Africa in 1905, a native spiritual leader named Kinjikitile Ngwale managed to convince thousands of warriors from several tribes that he had cast a spell that would that turn German machine gun bullets into water. Armed only with spears and poison arrows they repeatedly charged a German fortification armed with only two machine guns until all had been slaughtered. Although superstition no longer played any significant role in European warfare, indicative of the short-sightedness of the British (and French and Russian) military establishments was the denial that machine guns would feature largely in any conflict between civilised nations and, even if they were, they would make little difference to the outcome. In common with East African tribal leaders, General Haig had no problem ordering his troops to charge German machine gun nests because he considered the machine gun to be “a much over-rated weapon”<\/em>\u00a0that was unlikely to replace an infantry and cavalry armed with rifles and fixed bayonets. His eschewing of technological innovation found support in an officer corps largely sourced by birthright and riddled with outdated notions of colonialism, battlefield heroics and romanticism in which disdain for the welfare of the lower ranks (especially those conscripted) made perfectly good moral sense. In his book ‘A Social History of The Machine Gun’ (1975) John Ellis pulls no punches:<\/p>\n “Of all the chickens that came home to roost and cackle over the dead on the battlefields of the First World War, none was more raucous than the racialism that had somehow assumed that the white man would be invulnerable to those same weapons that had slaughtered natives in their thousands.”<\/em><\/p>\n A sentiment echoed by historical writer Eric Byrd in 2014, though rather less floridly:<\/p>\n “The newfangled contraptions might repel a skirt-wearing native with a bone in his nose; but Englishmen\u00a0<\/em>[sic]\u00a0were made of stronger stuff”.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n Englishmen, Welshmen, Scotsmen and Irishmen, he surely means. Ellis goes on to describe one case where two German machine guns manned by six soldiers mowed down 600 British infantrymen in two hours without incurring a single casualty themselves. Yet, despite incurring such heavy losses as these, there remained, for some time, a steadfast reluctance to increase the quota of machine guns available to each battalion. In an interview in 1925 General Haig still refused to acknowledge the crucial role the machine gun had played in the devastating early successes of the German forces. It is only fair to mention however that, when the Americans joined the allies, they arrogantly ignored British and French advice regarding the prowess of the German machine gunners, finding themselves as historian Edward Lengel puts it, with fixed their bayonets:<\/p>\n “…………………….struggling to cut through belts of wire hung with skeletons in tattered French uniforms”<\/em>.<\/p>\n General Douglas Haig’s private papers from May 11th 1915 reveal a catalogue of tactical errors including insufficient intelligence about newly-strengthened German positions. Intelligence that had been gleaned was not considered seriously enough. Prior bombardment of the German positions was neither intensive enough nor of sufficient duration to have any real impact and ammunition had been poorly manufactured and equipment often failed due to overuse. The paucity of shells and their high level of failures to explode subsequently became front page news on several national newspapers in Britain with the blame falling squarely on government policy leading to local Welsh politician Lloyd George becoming Minister of Munitions.<\/p>\n William David Williams has no grave. His name is included on the memorial at Le Touret\u00a0which commemorates, among others, another 13,453 British soldiers killed in this sector of the Western Front between October 1914 and September 1915 whose bodies have yet be recovered.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Daniel Owen (1899-1916)<\/strong><\/p>\n The Owen family were the hardest hit by the war in Llanfrothen Parish, suffering the loss of three sons within 16 months. Their father John was a quarryman born in 1857 in Llanfrothen. He was probably employed in one of the adjoining Rhosydd or Croesor quarries which were by far the largest employers in the area. John Owen married twice and had eight children by his first marriage, one of whom he lost in the war, and four children by his second marriage to Anne (born 1865), two of whom were lost. The family appear to be unusually mobile for the time, moving house frequently within the parish as well as having individual members relocate to disparate regions of England and Wales. According to the 1881 census John was living with his first wife at Moelwyn Bank in Croesor with their first two children Henry (born 1879; who became a clerk at the Croesor slate quarry, however, by 1916, the year of the family’s first war casualty, he had moved to Liverpool, England) and Owen (born 1880; died in childhood). The couple had three more children within the next decade; David John (born 1884; became a farm worker and living in Yorkshire, England by 1916), Samuel (born 1887; who later moved to South Wales and died in the war) and Kate (born 1889; living in Llandudno Junction by 1916 and believed to have died there in 1974 aged 84 years).<\/p>\n In 1891 the Owen family are listed as living at Siloam Calvinistic Methodist Chapel House, Llanfrothen with a two-month old second daughter Mary (by 1916 she was living at Ty Capel,\u00a0Bodfean, on the Ll\u0177n Peninsula). A fifth son, also named Owen, was born in 1894 and by 1916 he was also living in Yorkshire. A third daughter, Ellen (known as Nel) was born in 1895. By 1916 she was living in Cardiff where she died in 1922 aged 27 years. Sometime in 1895-6 John married Anne with whom he had four more children within seven years. William (born 1896) became a gardener; Evan (born 1897) became a farm worker and died in the war, as did Daniel (born 1899). Finally, another daughter Olwen was born in 1903, by which time the family were living at London House in Llanfrothen (since renamed Garreg Wen). However, by 1911 and throughout the war they were living at Llys Brothen in what was then Llanfrothen but since ceded to Penrhyndeudraeth.<\/p>\n Farm worker Daniel Owen was the second man from Llanfrothen Parish and the first son of the Owen family to be lost in the war. He was also likely to have been the youngest to die as there is some doubt as to his real age. According to both the war memorial at Llanfrothen and his grave at Fosse in France, he died aged 19 years. However, census data supplied by his family on two separate occasions indicates he was born in 1899 which would make him 17 years old at time of death. It seems unlikely that his parents would mistake the age of their child by two years on two separate occasions and more plausible that he had lied to the military about his age, a not uncommon practice at the time (indeed, the two youngest Welsh soldiers to have died in the war were only 14 years of age; Richard O’Shay of Newport on May 6th 1917 and Reginald George Lewis of Barry on August 6th 1918). Nevertheless, we know that Daniel Owen joined the 7th Battalion of the Royal Welsh Fusiliers in early 1915. In all, four of the men from Llanfrothen Parish who died in the war spent time with the 7th Battalion.<\/p>\n Welsh Fusiliers (use of the modern term ‘Welch’ was uncommon before 1920) wore a unique feature on their uniform; five overlapping black silk ribbons that ran down their backs starting at the neck. They were seven inches (approximately 18cm) long for ordinary ranks and nine inches (approximately 23cm) for officers, a remnant from the days when British soldiers wore pigtails. The Army Board tried to have the regiment remove the ‘flash’, as it was known, on the grounds that the enemy would be able to identify which regiment the soldiers belonged to. However, the story goes that King George V vetoed the plan, stating:<\/p>\n \u00a0“The enemy will never see the backs of the Royal Welsh Fusiliers.”<\/em><\/p>\n This was not really an accurate statement. The battalion embarked for Gallipoli, Turkey on May 19th 1915 from Devonport, England, landing at Suvla Bay on August 9th. There they suffered exceptionally heavy losses unsuccessfully trying to capture Constantinople (now Istanbul), reducing the Battalion to a mere 15% of its normal strength and, of the soldiers remaining, many suffered the effects of disease. They retreated and were initially evacuated on December 11th to the Greek island of Moudros and two months later, in February 1916, the battalion regrouped in Alexandria, Egypt.\u00a0 Their task was to protect the Suez Canal from Turkish attacks coming through the Sinai.<\/p>\n Records show that Daniel was discharged from the army on March 5th 1916, though the reason why is unknown. Perhaps they found out he had lied about his age at enlistment? He was returned to Britain. However, three weeks later, on March 26th, he re-enlisted as a Sapper\/Pioneer in the 4th Battalion of the Royal Engineers Special Brigade (regimental number 130586) on ‘short service’ (i.e., for the duration of the war) in Oswestry, England, giving not the address of his parents but a different, Penrhyndeudraeth address, further suggesting that he was lying about his age. He joined his unit on May 9th.<\/p>\n Although the rank of ‘Pioneer’ had existed since the 1700s in the British Army, whole infantry Pioneer Battalions did not exist until 1915. Originally, each infantry company had a ‘Pioneer’ who would go ahead of the company, equipped with an axe, to clear the path through undergrowth. For some reason, they were also the only soldiers permitted to wear a full beard. Pioneer battalions in the First World War had a very different role, i.e., to consolidate and maintain any enemy positions that had been captured. This became necessary during trench warfare because captured German trenches had often been badly damaged and in need of repair and because they now faced the wrong way, having been constructed to accommodate armaments aimed at the British and French lines. Pioneers were armed with both a rifle and a spade (and so wore a badge consisting of a rifle, pick and shovel) and were usually among the first infantrymen to breach the enemy lines. Despite this, fatalities in Pioneer battalions were relatively light compared to combatants. Pioneers had to be extremely fit. According to regulations, each Pioneer was expected to be able to excavate a minimum of 30 cubic feet (8.5 m3) of soil in the first hour.<\/p>\n Daniel was killed in action from gas poisoning on a rain sodden June 28th 1916,\u00a0a mere three months after re-enlisting and seven weeks after joining his unit. There is a sad irony here; the 4th Battalion of the Royal Engineers being one of the first British units to employ poisonous gas themselves. Nevertheless, even if his military age is the more accurate, it remains that he had experienced two of the most horrifying theatres of war during his teenage years, Gallipoli and the Western Front. His body is buried at Fosse No.10 Communal Cemetery Extension, Sains-en-Gohelle, Pas-de-Calais, France which harbours 471 graves, 256 of which are British.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Samuel Owen (1887-1917)<\/strong><\/p>\n The eighth Llanfrothen parishioner and second son of the Owen family to die was Samuel. Little is known about his life. He appears to have moved to Ferndale in South Wales perhaps, as William David Williams is suspected, to work in the coal mining industry. He then enlisted at Porth, Glamorgan, sometime after December 1915, possibly in March 1916, serving as a Sapper (or military engineer) in the 250th Tunnelling Company of the Royal Engineers\u00a0(regimental number 155488).<\/p>\n Their aim of these companies was to burrow underneath the German trenches and to place mines directly underneath and in the path of their advance. In order to excavate tunnels more quickly and safely, the British Army prioritised the voluntary enlistment of experienced coal and tin miners, especially in South Wales, who were used to working underground under cramped conditions, many since childhood. By mid-1916 25,000 experienced miners had enlisted, the majority coming from coal mining communities. Some had previously been rejected for combat roles on the grounds of health and age. The work was highly dangerous with numerous risks including tunnel collapse, carbon monoxide poisoning, inadvertent detonation of their mines, being discovered by the enemy and either gassed or forced into combat underground. In addition, the presence of tunnelling companies was disliked by above ground infantrymen because when tunnelling was suspected, it increased the chance of aerial bombardment. There was also the added risk of accidental detonation of explosives underneath friendly forces and, even when controlled explosions were successful, they would randomly shower the air with shrapnel, an event which favoured neither allied nor enemy forces.<\/p>\n The 250th Tunnelling Company was formed in Rouen, France in October 1915 and, in collaboration with a larger contingent of similar tunnelling units from New Zealand and a smaller contingent from Australia, they constructed three tunnels under the Messine Ridge in Belgium (up to 38 metres deep and 600metres long, packed with 435 tonnes of explosives) which they named Petit Bois, Peckham and the largest, Spanbroekmolen. This is now considered the greatest achievement of the allied tunnelling companies. At 3.10am on June 7th 1917 the explosives were detonated creating a noise so powerful it registered on a seismograph in Switzerland, and was heard by David Lloyd George, 240 km away in London. Over 10,000 German troops were killed outright and the German positions were overran by the British in three hours, with a further 7,000 Germans taken prisoner.<\/p>\n Thirty year old Samuel Owen died on June 23rd 1917 almost a year after his half-brother Daniel. He had succumbed to the wounds he had suffered three weeks earlier on June 6th, one day before the excavations he helped construct were detonated. His body is buried at Bailleul Communal Cemetery Extension in Northern France along with 4,236 other war graves of which 3,292 are British. The ‘Register of Soldier’s Effects’ refers to his next of kin as his wife, Jane, but this may be mistaken as there appears to be no record of him ever marrying, either in North or South Wales.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Evan Owen (1897-1917)<\/strong><\/p>\n The ninth member of the Llanfrothen community and the third son of the Owen family to die was Evan, also a farm worker. He was a full sibling to Daniel and a half-sibling to Samuel. Unlike his two brothers Daniel was not in the army but served as a Royal Navy Stoker 2nd Class, (naval number #K43043) aboard HMS Brisk, an Acorn (H) Class Destroyer\/Torpedo Boat Lieutenant captained by Lieutenant Algernon Edmund Lyons\u00a0(a fellow Welshman born at Kilvrough, near Swansea, Wales; after 1922 he became known as Penrice-Lyons) and launched in 1910 at Clydebank in Scotland.<\/p>\n During his time afloat Evan Owen can be proud to have played an honourable role in what is considered to be one of the most distasteful and disgraceful episodes in a war which was short on neither. The story involved a collision between two ships, the SS Darro and the SS Mendi,\u00a0 early morning on February 21st 1917, 11.3 nautical miles south to southwest of Catherine’s Point on the Isle of Wight. The SS Darro was a cargo ship of slightly less than 10,000 tonnes which regularly carried foodstuffs and mail between Argentina and Britain. After berthing at Le Havre, France, it was bound for Falmouth, England with a cargo of frozen meat and a crew of 143 under the captaincy of Henry Winchester Stump. The SS Mendi was a much smaller steamship of less than 4,000 tonnes owned by the British and African Steam Navigation Company. It normally plied between Liverpool and West Africa (being named after a tribal group in Sierra Leone) but had been chartered by the British government a few months earlier to ferry troops. Captained by Henry Arthur Yardley the SS Mendi was\u00a0en route<\/em>\u00a0from Plymouth, England to Le Havre carrying 969 people; 802 volunteers from the South African Native Labour Contingent (SANLC) who had boarded at Cape Town 38 days earlier (most of whom had never been on a ship of any kind before), five officers, 17 non-commissioned officers and 56 other military officials. A crew of 89 were also aboard.<\/p>\n Because of the threat posed by German naval ships and submarines both ships took protective measures; SS Mendi was shadowed by HMS Brisk while the SS Darro sailed an unpredictable zig-zag course. Conditions were very foggy and visibility poor so the SS Mendi and HMS Brisk travelled very slowly, the two ships not always visible to each other, with the SS Mendi sounding its horn at one minute intervals in line with maritime regulations. In contrast, and with complete disregard to regulations, the SS Darro was travelling at its full speed without sounding its horn. At 4.57am the lookout on the SS Mendi, Fourth Officer Hubert Frank Trapnell, spotted the SS Darro at a distance of only 60 metres travelling on a collision course to starboard, making no attempt to either slow down or alter course. Second Officer H. Raine immediately ordered the ship full astern but it was too late. The SS Darro hit the SS Mendi almost at right angles causing a six metre tall vertical gash from keel to deck. Worse, the bulkhead separating numbers 1 and 2 holds was ruptured causing icy-cold water to flood into an area where an estimated 140 SANLC volunteers were sleeping, drowning them all instantly. The Mendi was pushed over sideways, submerging all the lifeboats on one side though, incredibly, it transpired later that there were only ever enough places in the ship’s complement of lifeboats for 298 people. The SS Mendi took less than 30 minutes to sink completely. Those remaining alive found themselves in icy water with visibility reduced to only a couple of metres. Of the 649 who perished, 626 were SANLC volunteers, the majority unable to swim.<\/p>\n The SANLC members had not volunteered to fight as infantrymen because they were not allowed to. It was a stipulation of the South African government that only white South African volunteers be trained in the use of firearms and explosives, lest any black volunteers later use their military skills to overthrow the government. Instead, they were expected to support the war effort by working in quarries, cutting timber, building and repairing roads and railway lines and loading and unloading munitions and supplies from ships.<\/p>\n Although they were not allowed to bear arms, this did not mean SANLC volunteers did not serve on the battlefield. The British cemetery at Arques-la-Bataille, France, for example, includes the graves of 333 SANLC volunteers who were killed in battle, unarmed. On their return to South Africa white volunteers were awarded medals and given parcels of farmland from which they could make a living and build a government subsidised home. Black volunteers, despite similar experiences and sacrifices, were rewarded with no medals and no land, but were each given a bicycle for which, no doubt, they were expected to be grateful. One can only look back with hindsight and dismay as to the short-sightedness of the South African government. For, had they been allowed to serve alongside their white colleagues, there is little doubt that the SANLC volunteers would have fought with the same degree of bravery. This view is borne out by eyewitness reports from the crew of the HMS Brisk and other ships nearby that came to render aid to the SS Mendi. At the subsequent Maritime Board of Inquiry they spoke unanimously of the bravery and courage of the surviving SANLC volunteers in helping the rescue efforts.<\/p>\n Their African-American counterparts, such as those of the 369th New York Infantry, fared little better. Many had volunteered from the Deep South in an effort to prove their worth as loyal citizens, on the understanding that measures would be put in place on their return to improve their lot in the social hierarchy. However, on arrival in Europe they soon found themselves unattached from US forces and put under French command. They too demonstrated their bravery. Unlike the SANLC men they were armed and their unit recaptured the French town of Sechault from the Germans, only to find themselves cut off from the allies by German forces. Though low on food and ammunition, they nevertheless managed to remain fighting for a whole week, holding onto the town, until help arrived, earning them the nicknames ‘The Harlem Hellfighters’ and ‘The Lost Battalion’. For their service to France the government awarded every member of the regiment the Croix de Guerre and it is said that in return, French culture absorbed the jazz that they had played for recreation. It seems the French definitely got the best deal.<\/p>\n In all, more than four million non-white soldiers fought for the allies in the war; one and a half million came from the Indian subcontinent and two million were recruited from the various British and French African colonies. Indian battalions played a particularly pivotal role in all the Middle Eastern theatres. It is easy to forget, then, that a Hindu Indian from the tropical south of the country fighting in the Egyptian desert would be just as much out of their geographical and cultural depth as would a Welshman from Merionethshire. The multiracial nature of the British and French forces was in stark contrast to the opposing Germans, so much so that the German sociologist Max Weber disparaged them as comprised of “niggers, Gurkhas, and the barbarians of the world<\/em>.” Nevertheless, there was some unease in Britain about the presence of non-European soldiers because, paradoxically, the success of the war effort depended to no small extent on the effectiveness of non-white soldiers in killing white Europeans, thus upsetting the strict racial hierarchies on which the Empire was built.<\/p>\n HMS Brisk was the first ship upon the scene of the collision and immediately lowered all of its lifeboats, rescuing 137 of the Mendi’s passengers and crew from the water, without regard to race. Similarly, the nearby cargo ship SS Sandsend managed to pick up 23 black\u00a0survivors (and later to lose 3 men itself after being torpedoed off Cork, Ireland the following September). But this is what renders the event distasteful and disgraceful: not just the wanton stupidity of the SS Darro having ignored maritime regulations and causing such a catastrophe, but the fact that having ascertained that they had suffered only minor damage themselves Captain Stump callously ignored the fate of the Mendi and immediately steamed away from the scene. No attempt was made to communicate with the stricken vessel and Captain Stump waited a full three minutes before informing HMS Brisk that it was his ship that had collided with the SS Mendi. The SS Darro released none of its own lifeboats but two lifeboats from the SS Mendi made it to the SS Darro. The first,\u00a0 filled with white officers and crew, arrived at about 5.50am. This was the only rescue the SS Darro made. When the second lifeboat, filled with SANLC volunteers, pulled alongside ten minutes later Captain Stump ordered the crew to ignore their cries for help. At 6.45am the SS Darro continued on her way to Falmouth at a reduced speed with her horn sounding while HMS Brisk had her lifeboats continue the search for survivors until 9.00am before having them return, though the ship continued to cruise the area afterward for several more hours.<\/p>\n Two reasons as to why Captain Stump acted as he did have been suggested. The first is that he panicked. This seems unlikely, as he must surely have been aware that he would be unable to cover up a disaster of this magnitude, witnessed by a Royal Navy destroyer and a merchant vessel. And it does not explain why he didn’t come to his senses and return to the scene of the collision to help with the search for survivors. The second, suggested by a number of people, including those who knew Stump personally, was that he and his officers would have been uncomfortable having black men on board their ship, regardless of the circumstances. Whichever the case, a Board of Enquiry identified Captain Stump as being wholly responsible for the collision. He was punished by having his Captain’s licence suspended for one year. The families of the SANLC volunteers received no formal notification as to how their relatives had died, or any monetary compensation. Not even an apology from the company that operated the SS Darro.<\/p>\n After their exemplary actions in the rescue of the SS Mendi survivors it seems distinctly unjust that only eight months later HMS Brisk was to experience a similar fateful event. On October 2nd 1917, German submarine U-79, a relatively new vessel displacing 759 tonnes and carrying a crew of thirty-two, was patrolling the waters and laying mines around Rathlin Island off the coast of Northern Ireland. Their goal was to hinder the passage of merchant conveys from the USA to Britain. The sea was calm, Kapit\u00e4nleutnant Otto Rohrbeck\u00a0<\/a>(who coincidentally had taken command of U-79 on the same day the SS Mendi was sunk) reporting in his log a “light westerly breeze is lifting early morning mist over calm waters.<\/em>” Convoy HH24, inbound from the USA loaded with cotton, alcohol and steel, was being escorted by HMS Brisk and HMS Drake, a 14,000 tonne armoured cruiser captained by S. H. Radcliffe and one of the fastest cruisers in the world at that time. As the convoy steamed past the north-west tip of the island, U-79 sighted HMS Drake and fired one of her four 50cm torpedoes, managing a direct hit. The resulting explosion killed 19 seamen outright though the ship remained afloat. The entire convey then dispersed, as was normal practice in order to reduce the possibility of two ships being hit in quick succession. Soon afterward, however, U-79 either fired another torpedo at the 1,815 tonne merchant ship S.S. Lugano, or it had hit one of U-79’s mines, ripping a large hole in her starboard side. She sank rapidly, though no lives were lost.<\/p>\n Torpedoing an armoured cruiser and sinking a merchant ship on the same morning would have been a notable occasion even for a successful naval officer such as Kapit\u00e4nleutnant Rohrbeck who, within the sixteen months he commanded U-boats, sunk a total of 11 ships and damaged two others. There is some doubt, therefore, whether the third explosion that subsequently ripped the bow off HMS Brisk 1.5 nautical miles south-west of Bull Point, County Antrim, was due to a mine laid by or a torpedo fired from U-79. A mine is considered by most experts to have been the cause. Surely few captains would have been lucky enough to torpedo one of the fastest cruisers in the world, a modern destroyer and a merchant ship within a few hours? Whatever the case, 32 of the crew of HMS Brisk died; 31 instantly and one critically injured, who died within a month. Twenty-year old Evan Owen of Llanfrothen was one of those who died instantly, alongside his local Welsh compatriot William Ewart Williams from Caernarfon. Evan Owen’s body was never recovered and, in addition to the Llanfrothen war memorial, he is commemorated at the Plymouth Naval Memorial.<\/p>\n As reported in the next edition of the Rathlin Island newspaper:<\/p>\n “…the islanders watching all this in amazement from the cliffs and the settlement at Church Bay, the mutilated silhouette of the Brisk was being approached by two of the many armed trawlers on hire to the Admiralty, ‘Seaton’ and ‘Vale of Lennox’.”<\/em><\/p>\n The stern section of HMS Brisk was towed into Derry. She was repaired and continued service until 1921 when she was scrapped. U-79 sank only one more ship after the encounter off the Northern Ireland coast. A mine she laid sank a smaller 205 tonne ship three weeks later. On November 21st 1918 she was surrendered to the allies at Harwich, England and given to the French Navy who renamed her Victor Reveille. She too was scrapped, in 1935.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t Elias Jones (1890-1916)<\/strong><\/p>\n This family lost two sons 27 months apart. They lived at three separate addresses in Rhyd over a forty-eight year period. According to the 1881 census they were living at Ty Talcen. In 1901 they resided at 1 Tanymarian, and then moved to Brynhyfryd sometime before 1911 where their mother Alice remained until she died. The father, Elias, was born in 1832 in Llanfrothen and worked as a quarryman. He died sometime in the 1890s. Alice, who worked as a housekeeper, was born in 1850 in Llanfrothen and died in 1929 aged 78 years and buried at Ramoth Baptist cemetery. Elias and Alice had seven children together, all of whom were boys. In addition, Elias Jones had a son who died aged four years following his birth in 1872. He is also buried at Ramoth. His mother is listed as an M. Jones. The family also adopted a daughter. In order of birth the children were: John (1872-1876); John Parry (1876-1944; originally a quarryman, later becoming a postman); Owen John (1878-1952), Richard\u00a0(<\/strong>born 1886 and died before 1891); David Parry (1886-1918; died in the war); Thomas (known as Tommy; born 1888, a quarryman); Elias (1890-1916; died in the war); Robert (1892-1962; quarryman); Lizzie Ellen Hughes (born 1901; adopted).<\/p>\n Elias was the Jones family’s first son to die in the war and the fourth man from Llanfrothen. A quarryman, he enlisted at Penrhyndeudraeth and served as a Private in the 7th Battalion ‘D’ Company, Royal Welsh Fusiliers (regimental number 4325) serving alongside his fellow parishioner Daniel Owen, at Gallipoli. Unfortunately for Elias the 7th Battalion’s presence in Egypt coincided with an unusually severe heat wave; from mid-June to the end of July temperatures as high as 51 degrees Celsius were recorded and large numbers of men became infected with dysentery (Daniel Owen had missed this combination of heat and disease, as he was now serving on the Western Front). This is how Elias Jones died on August 5th 1916, aged 26 years, lying in a hospital bed as his battalion was successfully fighting in the Battle of Romani alongside Australians and New Zealanders facing Turkish troops under German command. He was buried in Port Said War Cemetery in Northern Egypt. The sole newspaper report of his death referred to him as ‘Ellis Jones’.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n David Parry Jones (1886-1918)<\/strong><\/p>\n David Parry was the brother of Elias Jones and the 14th man to die from Llanfrothen.\u00a0 He enlisted at Bala and served initially with the 2nd Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers (regimental number 49703). He was then transferred to 814th Area Employment Company, Labour (regimental number 359152). Unlike the SANLC volunteers, British Labour Companies grew from the Non-Combatant Corps, which were made up of conscientious objectors to the war who, although not willing to bear arms, were nevertheless prepared to do work such as building and maintaining roads and buildings, sanitary duties and handling of supplies. Because there were not enough conscientious objectors to complete all the tasks, dedicated Labour Companies were formed in January 1917 and manned by officers and other ranks who did not meet the medical requirements for front line service such as those who had been wounded. They often worked alongside SANLC volunteers as well as other non-British labour and even German prisoners of war. British members were, however, occasionally used as emergency infantrymen. Not surprisingly for such a bloody and highly mechanised war, by the end of hostilities the Labour Companies represented more than 10% of all men serving in the British Army.<\/p>\n It seems highly likely, therefore, that the reason David Parry was transferred to the Labour Company was because he had been wounded while serving with the 2nd Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers. No dates are available but possibly it was at the Battle of Loos in 1915 or the Battles of Albert or Bazentin in 1916. David Parry arrived in Egypt six weeks before his brother Elias and their neighbour Daniel Owen and remained serving there until his own death, aged 32 years, on November 1st 1918, also from dysentery. It was a mere eleven days before Germany formally surrendered. In honour of the fact that the majority of the men in the Labour Companies had already been injured in combat, those who died while serving are further commemorated as full members of their original regiment. He was buried as such in Cairo Memorial Cemetery.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Hugh Jones (1887-1916)<\/strong><\/p>\n This particular Jones family were residing at 2 Brynhyfryd, Croesor at the time of the censuses of 1891, 1901 and 1911 but sometime after that moved to 2 Park Road, Penrhyndeudraeth. The father, Owen Jones, was not local, being born at Bryncroes, Aberdaron in 1852. He worked as a quarryman and died aged 77 years in 1929. The mother was, however, local. She was Sarah (n\u00e9e Jones) born in Llanfrothen in 1855 and the sister of the essayist Daniel Jones (whose pen name was Daniel Garth Foel) of Ruthin, formerly a quarryman at Rhosydd himself, who won thirteen prizes at separate Eisteddfodau. Sarah died in 1927 aged 72 years.<\/p>\n There were six children from the marriage. The oldest, Catherine, was born in 1882 and died in 1955 aged 73 years. Next born was Evan (1885-1967). The third child was Hugh, born in 1887, who died in the war. Fourth was Daniel, also a quarryman born 1890 and died 1959. John Owen was born 1893 and also died in the war. Finally, Maggie was born in 1895. She appears to have taken after her uncle as a writer. A newspaper report tells us she received equal 1st prize for her englyn in the Eisteddfod Y Plant held in March 1914.<\/p>\n Hugh Jones was the first of the two sons to die and the fourth man from Llanfrothen Parish. In terms of an army career, Hugh was the most successful. He attended Croesor Council School then left to become a servant to Evan and Anne Jones, farmers at Glasdraeth. He apparently undertook an apprenticeship (trade unknown) at Llanrwst and Criccieth and then relocated to Rhyl for a short time on completion. For eight years he was employed by a J.R. Pritchard at the Maypole Dairy Company in Caernarfon where he was also a member of Beulah Calvinistic Methodist Chapel.<\/p>\n Initially enlisting in the 14th (though some sources say 16th) Battalion of the Royal Welsh Fusiliers\u00a0in Llandudno during October 1914, he underwent his initial training at Winchester, England and must have shown aptitude for he was immediately accepted as an Officer Cadet at Bedford Officer’s Training College. He obtained his commission as a 2nd Lieutenant in the 11th Battalion of the South Staffordshire Regiment in November 1915. He was then seconded to the 7th Service Battalion, Royal Leicestershire Regiment, colloquially known as the ‘Tigers’ because their cap badge\u00a0displayed an image of a Bengal tiger in honour of the regiment’s prior service in India.\u00a0A working class Welshman from a small village in North Wales would have stood out in the army of his day for it was an army that, at the officer level, was becoming increasingly dominated by the upper class. In 1875 half of all British Army officers were sourced either from the aristocracy (18%), or the landed gentry (32%). By 1912, however, that figure was closer to two-thirds of officers (24% and 40% respectively).<\/p>\n The only casualty from Llanfrothen Parish we can be certain was married, Hugh Jones wed Elizabeth Ellen Roberts of Henfryn, Grove Park West, Colwyn Bay on April 12th 1916 at Colwyn Bay. Shortly afterward he was shipped to France and fought in the joint British-French-New Zealand-Canadian offensive that became known as the Battle of Morval, one of the Battles of the Somme, designed to take the northern French village of Gueudecourt from the Germans. It was only the second time that tanks had been used in war. Although the offensive proved successful and the village was captured, this was the place where Hugh Jones fell, aged 29 years, killed by a shell on the overcast, rainy day of September 27th 1916. He had been married for less than six months. He was buried in the ‘Gird Trench’, 1 km south-east from where he died. A brief obituary with portrait appeared in the ‘Herald Cymraeg’ on Tuesday October 10th, 1916 and he was the only deceased from Llanfrothen Parish to appear in the ‘Roll of Honour’ (image below). He was also one of only two deceased to have made a will, leaving an estate valued at \u00a357 to his widow (approximately \u00a34,200 today).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t John Owen Jones (1893-1917)\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Hugh’s brother, John Owen was the 13th Llanfrothen parishioner to die. Little is known of him. It appears he moved to Pwllheli where he worked as a shop assistant in a draper’s shop, ‘Druid House’ (now ‘Pollecoff’s’, a woman’s clothing store) and it was here that he enlisted as a Private in the 7th Battalion of the Royal Welsh Fusiliers (regimental number 291467). He served in Egypt, and was killed in action there (though some sources state Gaza) on March 26th 1917, aged 25 years. As Gaza was then considered part of Egypt, it is feasible that he did die there, which would account for his inclusion on the Jerusalem War Memorial. His body was never recovered.<\/p>\n John Jones was the fourth Llanfrothen parishioner to die in the Egyptian\/Middle Eastern theatre; surely none would have predicted this when they were at school. Egypt would probably have been no more than some exotic patch of pink on the schoolroom map of the world, where pyramids and camels existed. A brief obituary in ‘Yr Udgorn’ on February 6th, 1918 (surprisingly, almost a year after his death) described John Owen in strangely religious terms as “humble”<\/em>, “pure and chaste”<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0“much beloved by society”<\/em>.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Richard Rowland Griffiths (aka Risiart Penygraig; 1893-1917)<\/strong><\/p>\n The fifth family to lose a son was the Griffiths family of Croesor. Another large family, they were residing at Croesor Bach in 1901 but by 1911 they had moved to Pen-y-Graig where they remained for at least the duration of the war. John R. Griffiths was his father, born in the nearby village of Beddgelert in 1869, and dying in 1943 at 73 years of age. He was a quarryman. His mother Catherine (n\u00e9e Roberts) was born in Penrhyndeudraeth in 1872 and died in 1924 aged 52 years. They had ten children in total and although they only lost one to the war this family were particularly unfortunate as they had already lost three others in childhood and another died in adulthood two years before the death of the father.<\/p>\n Their first child, Anne was born 1891. It is believed that she married a Clynnog man, Hugh Roberts, and they farmed ‘Tylyrni’ at Nantmor, near Beddgelert. The second child was born in 1893; this was Richard Rowland, the son who died in the war. The third child, Mary was also born in 1893 and died sometime between 1901 and 1911. Rowland was born in 1895. Next, Kate was born in 1899 but she too died between 1901 and 1911. John was born in 1900, Maggie in 1904 and Jane in 1906. William Morris was born 1910 and died aged 31 years in 1941. The last child, Robert, was born in 1913 and lived for only three months.<\/p>\n After leaving school Richard Rowland Griffiths worked as a quarryman then, in 1910 aged 17 years, he moved to South Wales to work in the coalfields. There he lodged with another coal miner, Evan Jones, at 54 Wyndham Street, Porth while working for the Insole Company, most likely at their Cymmer Colliery at Porth. The Insole family, who had originated in Worcester, England grew to be probably the wealthiest family in Wales at the time with extensive interests in coal and rail. After three years down the mines Richard Rowland enlisted in the Royal Welsh Fusiliers as a Private on March 3rd 1913 at Pontypridd aged 20 years and 4 months, making him the only one of the Llanfrothen deceased who was a regular member of the army at the time Britain declared war on Germany on August 4th 1914. Because his enlistment papers survived the bombing at the Record Office in London in 1941 (the burnt edges of each page are plainly visible on the scans), we know that he was a Methodist with a 2 inch (5 cm) scar on his left buttock. Interestingly, when listing his immediate family members he makes no mention of his siblings John, Maggie or Jane, even though they were all living at the time.<\/p>\n Richard Rowland Griffiths spent the bulk of his army career serving as a Private in the 14th Battalion ‘D’ Company of the Royal Welsh Fusiliers after their formation in Llandudno in November 1914 (regimental number 10931). He first landed in France in December 1915. In July 1916 they saw action at the Battle of Albert at Mametz Wood on The Somme, where the battalion suffered such severe losses facing German Maxim machine gunners (ironically a weapon\u00a0 invented by an American of German descent) that the regiment was unable to return to any major battle for more than a year. The loss was immortalised by the poem ‘Mametz Wood’ by Welsh poet Owen Sheers from his anthology ‘Skirrid Hill’ (2005; which won the Somerset Maugham Award). Here is an extract:<\/p>\nFor years afterward the farmers found them<\/em> After the regrouping of the 14th Battalion, Richard Rowland Griffiths found himself in Belgium. There he was killed in action in the region of Ypres aged 24 years. He had been promoted to Lance-Corporal only a few weeks earlier. His body was recovered and is buried at Bard Cottage Cemetery, West-Vlaanderen, Belgium, three kilometres to the north of Ypres, which contains 1600 graves, 1583 of which are British.<\/p>\n On February 5th 1917 in ‘Yr Herald Gymraeg’, the bard ‘Carneddog’\u00a0published a poem in honour of Richard Rowland Griffiths. Carneddog shared almost the same name (Richard Griffith) as Richard Rowland Griffiths and he was a similar age to John and Catherine Griffiths. Like them too, Carneddog and his wife Catrin had already lost four (of their six) children, the first in 1890. The single verse poem, entitled ‘Nid a’n Anghof’, reads:<\/p>\nCaredig, dewr, a ffyddlon,<\/em> <\/p>\n Robert David Williams (1898-1917?)<\/strong><\/p>\n Unfortunately, at the time of writing, the story of this soldier remains uncertain. The Williams family are listed as living at Pen Parc in 1901 and at one of the Plas Brondanw apartments in 1911. They were still living there in 1916. On the war memorial, however, Robert David is listed as living at Penstep. This is certainly incorrect; there is no evidence he ever lived there. The family consisted of the father, William Robert Williams born 1865 in Llandecwyn (though his family were originally from Llanfrothen). He was a quarryman. The mother Alice (n\u00e9e Jones) was born in 1859 in Beddgelert. They married in 1890 and had four children. Edward was born in 1892. Initially a quarryman, he fought in the war as a Private\/Gunner in the Royal Welsh Fusiliers. He too was involved in the ill-fated Gallipoli campaign. It was from there, in November 1916, he posted a letter home to Griffith Roberts of Traean, Llanfrothen, a portion of which was subsequently published in ‘Yr Herald Gymraeg’. Two months later he was hospitalised in Malta suffering from the effects of exposure. Alice was the next born in 1895. She married Rees Lewis (1882-1962) and initially lived in Ruthin. They then moved to London and in 1923 resided at Arden Road, Finchley. In 1962 she moved again, to Barnes, Hertfordshire. Robert David was born 1898 and Sarah in 1900.<\/p>\n Robert David Williams is said to have enlisted in the army in either January or early February 1915. We know this because he was arrested for criminal damage of gates and fencing on New Year’s Eve 1914 and had to be tried in his absence in mid-February 1915 as the court was informed he had since joined the army. This is where the mystery of Robert David Williams’ life continues. According to the war memorial R. D. Williams served as a Private in the Welsh Regiment. However, there is no record of him enlisting or fighting for either the Welsh Regiment or the Royal Welsh Fusiliers nor having died in the war. Similarly, the Commonwealth War Graves Commission has no record of a grave or name on a memorial belonging to anyone by that name originating in Llanfrothen. An article in ‘Yr Herald Gymraeg’ dated February 13th 1917 does mention the death of a William D Williams of Penstep, Llanfrothen, and this may certainly be a clue as to his date of death, for it cannot be erroneously referring to William David Williams (discussed earlier), whose grandparents lived at Penstep, as William David Williams had already joined the army in South Wales at the onset of war and he had died nearly two years earlier than the newspaper report. Nor can it be referring to another soldier from Llanfrothen parish, William Richard Williams, as he would not yet be dead for another year.<\/p>\n Thus, either the war memorial has his name correct but both the place he lived and his regiment incorrect, or ‘Yr Herald Gymraeg’ may have both the name and place he lived wrong but the date of death right. War memorials can sometimes be a source of misinformation as their construction was often instigated several years after the war by those unfamiliar with the individuals named. The inclusion of a combatant’s name and other details usually relied on information supplied (or not) by the family. This is perhaps understandable. It was bad enough that official telegrams advising of the death of a son were not addressed to the next of kin by name but impersonally commenced with a ‘Dear Sir or Madam’, but one would assume that all due care and attention to detail would be employed by a newspaper purporting to serve their local community.<\/p>\n Such mistakes were commonplace, however. One local soldier, J.W. Jones from Ty’n Fron, Rhyd, who had worked as a policeman in Caernarfon before enlisting, was the subject of no less than three separate local news reports within a year, two of which were fictitious. In October 1916 it was reported correctly that he had been wounded in battle. Then, in September 1917 he was reported first as having been killed in action and, only the following week, as having been taken prisoner, apparently on the basis that his pocket book had been found on the battlefield. It later transpired he had actually been wounded again and was in safe hands receiving medical attention. One can only imagine the emotional damage caused by a newspaper report of a soldier’s death or capture by the enemy unaccompanied by a prior telegram to that effect from the War Ministry.<\/p>\n\t John (Johnnie) Owen Evans (1892-1917)<\/strong><\/p>\n Born in 1892, John Owen Evans was the oldest son of the family who farmed Hendre Gwenllian. His father was John Evans, born 1860 and died in 1933 aged 73 years while his mother was \u00a0Jane, born 1864, who died aged 78 years in 1941. The family were longstanding and prominent members of Ramoth Baptist chapel and Jane was the last custodian of the chapel records. However, for some reason John and Jane were married at St. Brothens Church in 1890. John Owen had two younger siblings, a girl and a boy. Pierce Owen\u00a0<\/a>was born in 1894 and eventually took over the farm. He married a woman named Jones in 1924 and appears to have died in 1961, possibly living in Bala. Their sister, Gwen Elin, was born in 1897. She married a man named Roberts and went to live in Bontnewydd, near Caernarfon. On her mother’s death she donated the Ramoth chapel records to the University College of North Wales, Bangor (now Bangor University).<\/p>\n We can piece together a little of John Owen Evans’ life from various newspaper reports. We know that he worked on the family farm and was a keen writer and artist. In February 1914, for example, he won 1st Prize at Ramoth Chapel for an essay entitled ‘Gweddi’ (‘Prayer’) and he also had some artwork on display. One painting of his home was particularly praised and this was mentioned at his funeral. In June 1914 he appeared before magistrates for riding a bicycle without a light in Penrhyndeudraeth on May 28th. He claimed that it was\u00a0“due to carelessness”,\u00a0<\/em>and a fine of 2 shillings and 6d\u00a0<\/a>was imposed. A year later, his brother Pierce found himself facing the same charge but was dealt with somewhat less leniently. A report in ‘Yr Herald Gymraeg’ tells us that on Tuesday September 28th, 1915\u00a0Pierce Evans was fined nearly three times as much as John, 6 shillings,\u00a0by magistrates for riding his bicycle in Portmadoc at night without a light. The higher penalty may have been because, according to the testimony of a Constable Pritchard, he had “been warned about the offence on many occasions.<\/em>” A study of the local newspapers at the time reveals that this particular misdeed was prevalent among young men and teenagers and it would not be unreasonable to speculate that the offence was viewed by the public in much the same way as many perceive speeding to be today, i.e., as a ‘victimless’ crime used to generate revenue and meet performance targets.<\/p>\n The Evans family appear to have been much wealthier than most of their fellow parishioners. A further newspaper report from the time reports the following motor car accident:<\/p>\n “Mrs Evans, Medical Hall, Mrs Williams, her sister-in-law, and Mrs Jones, Preswylfa, had an unusual experience when driving near Tanybwlch. Their carriage collided with another car belonging to Hendre, Llanfrothen. The occupants were thrown out and suffer from bruises and shock and the car was badly damaged. The accident happened when they were returning from a visit to the graveside of the late Miss Williams, missionary.”<\/em><\/p>\n Very few local farmers during the war would have been able to afford any sort of mechanised transport. In 1916 well over 60% of the farms in Merionethshire comprised less than 40 hectares (approximately 100 acres) and 80% were less than 20 hectares (50 acres). Hendre Gwenllian had been sold in 1870 as a farm of about 120 hectares, making it a particularly large farm for the region and, apparently, generating a considerable income. The very cheapest car on the market in 1914 cost about \u00a3500 new (a little under \u00a350,000 at 2014 prices), which was about \u00a3100 more than the annual salary of Henry Haydn Jones, the then local Member of Parliament.<\/p>\n John Owen enlisted in Penrhyndeudraeth in 1915 under Lord Derby’s scheme, in which men could voluntarily enlist for the armed forces but return to their usual occupation until they were needed. Married men were guaranteed to be called up last. Derby, who was then Director-General of Recruitment and later served as Minister for War 1916-1918, also founded the so-called ‘Pal’s Battalions’ in which men from the same geographical area could enlist together and be guaranteed to serve together. Across Britain, the Derby Scheme was not as successful as was hoped and fewer than 350,000 men enlisted. However, in contrast to the previous reluctance to join a British army, this arrangement proved to be an attractive proposition to young Welshmen who had rarely, if ever, travelled outside their local areas, and especially the rural Welsh, many of whom did not have English as a first language. Welsh historian Kenneth O. Morgan wrote that under Derby’s scheme, Wales:<\/p>\n “…………….exceeded all expectations. Welshmen flocked to enlist in great numbers, relatively greater than the figures for England and Scotland”.<\/em><\/p>\n This newly found enthusiasm for armed service, however, proved a terrible decision for some villages, which sometimes lost almost a whole generation of young men in a single battle, particularly so during the Battle of the Somme. While the figures for Wales as a whole were promising, however, North-West Wales and particularly Merionethshire continued to exhibit recruitment levels lower than both the British and Wales averages. Reasons were various. Some based their opposition to military duty in nonconformist Christian religious values, some on socialist values and some on nationalist attitudes; this being England’s and not Wales’ war. Indeed, some of the most prominent advocates of pacifism were from North-West Wales. One, George Maitland Lloyd Davies, was given exemption from armed service on the basis of his Christian beliefs (despite the fact that he had previously been an officer in the Territorial Army). Nonetheless, after preaching pacifism on the streets of several North Wales towns he had his status as a conscientious objector annulled and was duly handed over to the army. After which he was imprisoned, for a time in Dartmoor, for refusing to serve. Along with Richard Roberts of Blaenau Ffestiniog, Davies formed ‘Cymdeithas Y Cymod’ (Fellowship of Reconciliation). Between 1916 and 1919 they published an anti-war, pro-pacifist monthly periodical entitled ‘Y Deyrnas’\u00a0(The Kingdom), edited by Thomas Rees, Principal of Bala Theological College.<\/p>\n Despite having a criminal record, after the war Davies was briefly elected to the House of Commons as an Independent Christian Pacifist Member for the University of Wales. After losing his seat he became a Calvinistic Methodist minister, as was his grandfather the influential preacher John Jones of Talysarn. It is said that Lloyd George held John Jones in such high esteem that, when he was Chancellor of the Exchequer and later Prime Minister he hung his portrait in his office in Downing Street. Davies continued to preach pacifism until he died at his own hand in 1949. He was the author of ‘Essays toward Peace’ (1946) and ‘Pilgrimage to Peace’ (1950). The following extract is from ‘Essays toward Peace’. It is a letter written home by Edward Wyn, George Davies’ nephew, a short time before he was killed at Gallipoli in 1915. His younger brother, Ifor Tomos, served with him, and survived Gallipoli only to be killed at Gaza in 1917:<\/p>\n “Is there any honest Christian who believes that the problems of life will ever be settled by force of arms?………For pity’s sake keep one clear light shining throughout this terrible darkness……..There are some who regard the conflict of to-day as the last of wars. Such was the cry a hundred years ago and such will be the cry a hundred years hence… We are still in the throes of Old Testament theology; the New Testament might never have been written”.<\/em><\/p>\n While religiously-based conscientious objection (and only religiously-based; other philosophical viewpoints were not accepted) was sometimes recognised as a valid stance, relatively minor shows of contempt toward the war effort were often shown little leniency. For example, on February 5th 1915, at about the time that John Owen Evans was enlisting ‘The Cambrian News & Merionethshire Standard’ reported the case of Hugh Roberts, quarryman of Fawnog Wen in Penrhyndeudraeth. Brought before the court charged under the ‘Defence of the Realm Act’ he was fined \u00a34 with 10 shillings costs, an amount equivalent to about \u00a3452 a century later. What was it he had done that had threatened the realm so effectively? Sabotage of military supplies? Relaying of information to the enemy? No, nothing so adventurous. The article tells us that he was simply walking down the road in Penrhyndeudraeth when he came across the local army recruitment officer, Thomas Hughes, walking along chatting with two young men. He is alleged to have shouted to them,\u00a0“Don’t be silly boys. Come back. Don’t go with him”<\/em>\u00a0(which he denied, despite the evidence of three witnesses, including the local butcher). The court heard that the would-be recruits were in no way offended and had merely smiled at the remark. Nevertheless, the Chairman of Magistrates considered it to be “a most serious offence……………liable to a \u00a3100 fine or six months imprisonment”<\/em>.<\/p>\n So perhaps Hugh Roberts was lucky not to be jailed. But he was not alone in his opposition. Some farmers were more openly hostile than Hugh Roberts at attempts by recruiting officers to enlist their sons and farm workers. John Morgan’s book, ‘The War and Wales’, published in the middle of the conflict in 1916, paints a particularly negative picture of their motives:<\/p>\n “Welsh agriculturists have played a very ignoble part in this war………..it is not an uncommon thing to hear Welsh farmers express the hope that the war will last a long time because of the profits they are able to make out of it<\/em>.”<\/p>\n The Derby Scheme was dropped at the end of 1915 and compulsory conscription, was introduced in January 1916 for the first time in Britain. Henceforth, all men of British nationality aged between 18 years to 41 years on August 15th 1915 who were unmarried (or widowers without dependent children) were considered to be eligible for enlistment for the duration of the war. There were specific exemptions for those with physical disabilities or otherwise in ill-health, single men supporting older relatives, military personnel given a prior exemption from further foreign service, specified occupations, those in ‘holy orders’ (though many religious groups, including the Anglican church, had already barred their clergy from enlisting) and most contentious of all, those who could convince a tribunal that they had a valid conscientious objection. The call to arms for young Christian, farm-working men like John Owen Evans was not necessarily a given. They would have been presented with conflicting arguments. On the one hand, there were the expectations of doing their bit for their country and supporting the lads who were already fighting and, on the other, there was Christian pacifism and nationalist neutrality. Many consciences must have been sorely tested and, for many, the public reasons they gave for enlisting might not always have equated with their private thoughts about the war.<\/p>\n Nevertheless, the devout Christian John Owen Evans served as a Private, operating as a Dispatch Rider and Driver, in the Royal Army Service Corps 621st Motorised Transport Company (regimental number DM2\/164817). The company was formed on January 21st 1916 and based initially at Aldershot in England before being shipped to France. There, in December 1916, he was taken ill with pneumonia\u00a0and\u00a0pleurisy and evacuated to a hospital in Rouen before being transferred to hospital in Chelsea, London. On January 2nd 1917 ‘Yr Herald Gymraeg’ reported that he was\u00a0“steadily improving and we rejoice greatly in that.”<\/em>\u00a0This prognosis proved to be premature, however, and his condition deteriorated until he died on March 26th aged 25 years. Both his mother and his brother Pierce were present at his bedside.<\/p>\n John Owen Evans’ body was transported back to Llanfrothen and delivered to Ramoth chapel two days later. On Tuesday March 31st he was buried in Ramoth chapel cemetery, and now lies underneath a tall, polished gravestone. No less than four pastors officiated at the ceremony; L. Jones, Croesor; Samuel Pierce; W.R. Jones, Siloam; and the Rev. Ian Perry Jones. He was the only one of the men from Llanfrothen who had given their lives in the war able to be buried on his home soil. According to the newspaper, later that night and throughout the next day a severe snowstorm fell on the village.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t Edward (Ted) Ellis (1897-1917)<\/strong><\/p>\n Edward Ellis is listed on the Llanfrothen war memorial as having lived at Gatws Parc. Again, this appears to be mistaken. In 1901 the Ellis family lived at \u00a02 T\u0177 Uchaf, Rhyd and in 1911 they were at Brynawel, Rhyd. Griffith and Mary Roberts were the tenants at Gatws Parc in 1901 and William and Anne Davies in 1911 and William Davies remained the tenant until his death in 1925. It is possible that he lived there for a short time as a child, but that would only have been for a short while. So it is uncertain why he has become associated with Gatws Parc.<\/p>\n Edward’s father was Griffith Christopher Ellis, a quarryman,<\/strong>\u00a0born in 1870 and died March 20th 1929 aged 59 years. Although he had been born in Llanfrothen both of Griffith’s parents came from nearby villages, his father hailing from Llandecwyn and his mother from Llan Ffestiniog. Edward’s mother was Margaret (n\u00e9e Evans) a native of Llanfrothen, four years older than his father, who died in 1954 aged 87 years. They were married in 1891 in a civil ceremony. They were another unfortunate family in that they had nine children, three of whom died young. The following have been traced: Margaret Jane (Maggie; born 1892, died between 1901 and 1911; Jenny, born 1894, then Edward born 1897; Laura born 1900 (who appears to have died soon after birth); Alice, born 1901 and died before 1911; Elizabeth Ellen (Lizzie; born 1902) and Robert, born 1907, died 1985 aged 78 years.<\/p>\n Edward worked as a quarryman in the Croesor diggings. By the time the war was underway, sales of slate to the private sector had plummeted, leaving the British government as, by far, the largest customer for the slate quarries of Wales. Despite this, the government had declined to place the slate quarries on the list of essential industries from which the armed forces were forbidden to recruit, effectively depriving the industry of younger skilled workers. Even David Lloyd George had publicly exhorted young quarrymen to volunteer for the war effort. To rub salt into the wound, manufacturers of artificial roofing materials, the slate industry’s main competition, had been designated as essential industry and these companies had their workers protected from conscription. The effect of this policy on the local economy was devastating and the number of working men available to the slate quarries plummeted after conscription. Before the war slate quarries in the Ffestiniog area, including Croesor and Rhosydd, employed about 2,500 unskilled labourers. By May 1917 that figure had been reduced to 907 men and their average age was rising; 180 of these were over 60 years of age and only 60 were under 18 years of age.<\/p>\n Not surprisingly, the tribunals that heard appeals against conscription regularly heard testimony from local quarry owners and managers that specific workers had skills essential to the running of their businesses. Moses Kellow, manager of the Croesor quarry, was no exception. A similar, routinely unsuccessful, case was also made by farmers, who had appeals by sons and workers refused despite presenting evidence that they were essential to the running of the farm. In their case, volunteer substitute workers were sometimes made available, often coming from England, and with no experience of either Welsh hill farming or an ability to speak the local language. To be fair, this problem was sometimes recognised by members of the local appeals tribunals and representations were sometimes made internally on behalf of farmers.<\/p>\n At the end of May 1917 the Merionethshire Appeal Tribunal met at Blaenau Ffestiniog where, despite the support of Croesor quarry manager Moses Kellow, Edward Ellis’ appeal against conscription was denied. This was despite Kellow advising the tribunal that the loss of any more men would be catastrophic for the industry. The following month Moses Kellow appeared again at the tribunal, this time on behalf of 27 year-old Daniel Jones, the brother of Hugh and David Parry Jones. Despite the Jones family having lost one son (i.e., Hugh, twelve months earlier) Daniel received only a short reprieve and appealed against the decision the following month. This appeal was dismissed and Daniel was forced to enlist. Six weeks after the second unsuccessful appeal, his brother David Parry was dead.<\/p>\n The appeals process was often far from just in its deliberations, being heavily weighted in favour of particular elements of society. One group that benefited most was those holding any sort of office in church or chapel. Lay preachers, for example, were often given exemptions, as were church organists. However, those men that simply filled the pews were not so easily allowed to play the religion card no matter how genuinely pious they were in their daily life. An article in ‘Freethinker’ magazine of March 1916 observed:<\/p>\n “One Christian objects to service as the Bible says ‘Thou shalt not kill’, and straightway some member of the tribunal quotes ‘I come not to bring peace but a sword’……………..Others have based their objections to the teaching that Jesus suffered aggression uncomplaining\u00adly, and have been promptly assured that one mustn’t imitate him in that nowadays.”<\/em><\/p>\n The arguments made by conscientious objectors at their tribunals were not helped by Lloyd George claiming that the country was:<\/p>\n “Raising a democratic army to wage a Holy War<\/em>.”<\/p>\n The Welsh National Union of Evangelical Churches was initially fervently opposed to the war and actively attempted to persuade the young men within their ranks to shun enlistment, despite calls from a number of quarters that they were unpatriotic. Many of the member chapels and individual preachers eventually changed their theological minds, however. In 1915, the nationalist periodical, ‘The Welsh Outlook’ agreed with this change of heart, publishing a pro-war editorial in which the conflict was rebranded as:<\/p>\n “A necessary evil…………….the surest and quickest way of ending this horror and nightmare<\/em>.”<\/p>\n Every soldier born in Britain who fought in the First World War was obliged to profess a religious affiliation. Atheism, or simply having no particular religious affiliation, was not an option and ‘Church of England’ was the default category given to anyone not professing to a religion. However, although each soldier was gifted a copy of the New Testament and forced to attend religious services as part of parade, it would be a mistake to assume that the trenches were full of pious, God-fearing Christian men. Certainly there were British (and French and German) atheists in the foxholes. This extract of a letter, published on November 14th 1915 in the ‘Freethinker’ was from such a soldier:<\/p>\n “Parsons and others have claimed that the War and its hardships have brought out the religion of the soldier. I give it the direct lie. I\u00a0know that in actual fact the soldier, when at his task in this bloodiest of wars, has no time for God and religion. A clean rifle, well-fitting bayonet, keen eye, and steady nerve – these are necessary assets. The German gives us no time for psalm-singing, and we in our turn ask for none and give none.<\/em>………..But there live in peace, away behind the firing-line, the Army Chaplains. They are all sleek, comfortable, well paid, and well clothed. Sunday comes, and with it a compulsory Church Service. The men hate it – loathe it.”\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n A not dissimilar locally sourced sentiment was expressed rather more idiomatically by a Private Davies, former schoolteacher in Croesor School and a member of staff on a well-known weekly Welsh religious publication. This letter was written to a close friend and part-published in the December 29th 1916 edition of the ‘North Wales Chronicle and Advertiser’. Here he describes the men he finds himself fighting alongside:<\/p>\n “Take No. 1, I verily believe that he was never out of his mother’s sight and very seldom out of her parlour until he was sent here. He is refined, a thorough gentleman, gentle and obliging. No. 2 is a ruffian from the slums of Bethnal Green, unimaginably coarse and repulsive, and yet he will render instantly any help one may require. No. 3 was a theological student. What a change for him from studying Hebrew and theology to the studying the life and characters of the conglomeration of men of all classes and hear stories about ‘Arriet and ‘Arry having donkey rides at Southend, how Bill Squirt squared a ‘copper’, how Teddy this and Mike the other carried the champion prizes for “cavy and light weight boxin’ bout. Never a word is overheard about religion. If you relied upon what most of the company said for evidence of religion you would get none.<\/em>“<\/p>\n In his autobiography ‘Goodbye to All That’, the poet Robert Graves makes the same observation far more succintly:<\/p>\n “H<\/em>ardly one soldier in a hundred was inspired by religious feeling of even the crudest kind<\/em>.”<\/p>\n Some members of the appeal tribunals probably recognised this and made no secret of their view that they were performing an unnecessary task, arguing that it was illogical for the government to introduce compulsory conscription and then to allow exemptions for any reason other than a disability beyond an individual’s control. All else, including religious conscience, was simply pandering to those not willing to share the burden of war. A lack of\u00a0 consistent rationale in their duty is exemplified locally by the 1917 case of a Christian piano tuner from Pwllheli. Initially refused exemption despite strong religious convictions, he successfully appealed on the grounds that, were he to injure his hands, he would no longer be able to pursue his occupation. Why his situation was perceived to be any different from that of a slate quarryman like Edward Ellis is unclear. Later that same year the piano tuner’s exemption was annulled when he was found to be working part-time in a granite quarry. He was duly found employment in an aircraft factory.<\/p>\n Edward Ellis eventually enlisted in Dolgellau. For some reason he gave, not his parents address where he lived, but one in Penrhyndeudraeth. He then served in the 18th Battalion, Welsh Regiment as a Private (regimental number 202988). The 17th and 18th Battalions of the Welsh Regiment were known as ‘bantam’ regiments as they were formed soon after the minimum height requirement for army service was lowered from 5 feet 3inches (1.6 metres) to 4 feet 8 inches (1.42 metres). The 18th Battalion was raised in Cardiff in Jan 1915 but soon after moved to Porthcawl for training. The majority of recruits were miners from South Wales.<\/p>\n His battalion was involved in the attempt to capture Bourlon Wood and the rural village of Bourlon in Northern France. The battle is notable partly because the method of assault was new. Normally, artillery units would pound the enemy trenches relentlessly before infantrymen advanced. On this occasion, however, there was no preliminary bombardment. Instead, tanks approached the trenches followed by the infantry moving under the cover of smoke barrages. The attack began early on the morning of November 20th 1917 and the new tactics proved highly successful. Initial advances were remarkable, leading General Douglas Haig to report,\u00a0“……..local success by a sudden attack at a point where the enemy did not expect it.”<\/em>\u00a0Two days later, however, their forward movement had to be halted because troops were fatigued and supplies were running low. This allowed the Germans to call up reinforcements and Edward Ellis was killed in action on November 24th 1917, aged 19 years, the tenth man to die from Llanfrothen Parish. He had been in the army for less than 6 months. Once again, a death in vain. In the fierce fighting of the next four days most of the ground gained in the initial advancement was lost.<\/p>\n Like many of his fellow parishioners Edward Ellis has no identifiable grave. He is commemorated at the Cambrai Memorial at Louverval, along with 7,040 other soldiers, 7,036 of whom are from Britain. He is also mentioned on his father’s memorial stone in Tanlan cemetery, Llanfrothen.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Hugh David Evans (1898-1918)<\/strong><\/p>\n This particular Evans family are listed as residing at T\u0177’n Coed, Llanfrothen in 1901 and 1911. Before that they lived in Penrhyndeudraeth. The parents were Hugh, a quarryman born in Llanfrothen in 1856, who died in 1932 aged 76 years, and Sarah, born Penrhyndeudraeth in 1856, died 1924 aged 68 years. They were married in St. Brothen’s church in 1877 and share a grave. They had ten children in total, two of whom died in infancy. Those surviving infancy were Mary born in 1878, and died the same year as her father, aged 54 years (she married into a family named Lloyd and is buried with her parents); Robert (born 1880); Evan (born 1883); Kate (born 1888); Jane (born 1889); Sarah (born 1892); Deborah (born 1897) and the youngest, Hugh David (born 1898 and died in the war).<\/p>\n It is apparent that Hugh David Evans (who appears to have been better known by his middle name) went through a stage of teenage delinquency. The first evidence of this comes from the ‘Cambrian News and Merionethshire Standard’ dated Friday November 6th, 1914 when he was 16 years of age. He was charged by a Sergeant Evans with having used indecent language at Penrhyndeudraeth and was subsequently fined 10 shillings with 6 shillings and 6d costs. No further details are given but this seems to be a unusually large fine for such a trivial offence (by way of comparison recall that six months earlier John Owen Evans was only fined 2 shillings and 6d for riding his bicycle without a light and less than a year later his brother Pierce was only fined 6 shillings for the same offence, despite having received numerous warnings). It is certainly not a figure that an unskilled 16 year-old would have been able to afford at that time. It seems fair to speculate, therefore, that this punishment was a deterrent aimed at the parents and that this was probably not the first time that Hugh David Evans had fallen afoul of the law. If so, the deterrent was ineffective. Less than two months later, on New Year’s Eve, Hugh David Evans, along with eight others were arrested by Inspector Owen for criminal damage.<\/p>\n Sergeant Evans and a Constable Williams testified to the court in February 1915 that they saw a group of 15-20 young men walking from Penrhyndeudraeth to Llanfrothen and that, by the time they had reached the village, 15 gates had been taken from their hinges and 50 yards (46 metres) of fencing had been destroyed. The defendants, although readily admitting to having been in the vicinity at that time, all initially denied being responsible and stated they had tried their best to stop others from vandalism. Hugh David Evans was the sole exception. He admitted his guilt from the outset and was reported to have said,\u00a0“If you pardon me this time I won’t follow the gang anymore.”\u00a0<\/em>Two other defendants later admitted to have taken part and had the charges against them dropped because they testified on behalf of the prosecution. The remaining six were charged with damage caused to property owned by Owen Evans of Pantwrach and Daniel Jones of Penybwlch. Only five of the defendants appeared in court, Hugh David Evans having fled to South Wales. All were found guilty. One, Robert David Williams of Llanfrothen, had meanwhile enlisted in the army and for that reason had the case against him dismissed on condition that he pay 5 shillings toward the damage (this is the same Robert David Williams discussed earlier in this essay whose name is included on the Llanfrothen war memorial). The other five defendants were each fined 10 shillings with 10 shillings court costs and also ordered to pay 5 shillings reparation to Evans and Jones. The Chairman of Magistrates, Sir Osmond Williams, is reported to have thought that:<\/p>\n “Fine strapping young fellows like the five defendants should enlist like Robert Williams and so get to training to assist in injuring the enemy of their country instead of injuring the property of tenant farmers.”\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n This is exactly what Hugh David Evans did. He returned and enlisted in Dolgellau for the Army Veterinary Corps\u00a0<\/a>(regimental number 22767) who were responsible for care of the hundreds of thousands of horses that saw front line action. He was then transferred to the 13th Service Battalion, Alexandra, Princess of Wales’ Own Yorkshire Regiment (a bantam battalion known colloquially as the ‘Green Howards’)\u00a0as a Private (regimental number 33937). They landed at Le Havre, France, on June 6th 1916, and fought a number of battles across the Western Front. Hugh David Evans would likely have been fighting alongside his fellow parishioner Edward Ellis when Edward fell during the capture of Bourlon Wood in November 1917.<\/p>\n In March 1918 Hugh David Evans’ regiment found themselves fighting in and around the evacuated town of Saint Quentin, in Northern France. The territory had only recently been captured and British forces were unprepared for further battle. Despite aerial intelligence that the Germans were planning a major offensive, British officers tended toward treating the intelligence as unreliable, partly because some of it had been obtained from two German deserters who had managed to enter No Man’s Land and reach the British lines to surrender. Nevertheless, at 4.40 am on March 21st 1918 the Germans attacked under cover of both darkness and thick fog using mustard, chlorine and tear gas and it soon became obvious they possessed superior firepower. By mid-morning they had fired more than 3.5 million shells at the allied troops in what was the heaviest barrage the war had seen. The fog, along with the smoke from the artillery bombardment, failed to lift and visibility was down to about 10 metres when the German infantry advanced. The fog and smoke did not lift until the afternoon of the next day and British troops were forced to retreat. It was on this day, March 22nd that Hugh David Evans was killed in action aged 21 years. Like so many of his comrades his body was never recovered and he is commemorated at the Arras Memorial at Fauxbourg D’Amiens Cemetery in France along with 34,740 others, 34,644 of whom are British. His name is also included on his parent’s gravestone in Tanlan cemetery.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n William Richard Williams (1898-1918)<\/strong><\/p>\n This Williams family were living at Beudy Newydd in 1911. Sometime between 1911 and 1915 they moved to Penybwlch\u00a0Cottage, in Penrhyndeudraeth. The father John Williams was born 1874 in Chwilog, though brought up in Nantmor at a farm known as Gardd Llygad Y Dydd. He was a quarryman. The mother, Dorothy, was also born 1874 in Llanfrothen. They had a civil marriage in 1896 and at that time the couple lived in Chwilog.\u00a0 They had five children. The oldest, Robert, was born 1897 in Chwilog. He served in the army during the war and remained in the army for a period after the war. He was known to be at home on three weeks leave in May 1919 from Egypt. William Richard was born the following year also in Chwilog (though for some reason his enlistment records erroneously state Pen-y-Groes). He died in the war. John was born 1900 in Llanfrothen and a daughter, Katie was born 1912. Little can be found of William Richard Williams’\u00a0<\/a>life except that his mother died in childbirth in the first week of July 1915, aged 42 years and was buried in Ramoth cemetery. The child survived.<\/p>\n He enlisted in Dolgellau and served as a Private in the 16th (Service) Battalion of the Royal Welsh Fusiliers (regimental number 203762; the Llanfrothen war memorial erroneously states 4th Battalion). He was killed in action on April 22nd 1918 aged 20 years and his body buried at Pozieres\u00a0Cemetery in Northern France. Because he lived in Penrhyndeudraeth at the time of his enlistment his name is also included on the Penrhyndeudraeth war memorial.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n William Kellow (1893-1918)<\/strong><\/p>\n William Kellow was the only child of Moses and Elen (Nell) Kellow of Bryn, Croesor, an influential family in both the local and wider community. Moses and Nel regularly sent parcels containing cigarettes, chocolate and mince pies to the soldiers from Croesor serving in the armed forces. In 1918, even before their own son had been killed, they organised several musical concerts in order to raise money for the war memorial. \u00a0Although a fluent Welsh speaker and ardent supporter of many local causes Moses Kellow was born in Cornwall, England in 1863. He moved to Wales at three years of age with his parents William & Charity Kellow and sisters Mary Anne (born 1866 Cornwall; who married a local man, Trefor Williams) and Helen (who married a Dr Hughes of Penrhyndeudraeth). The family lived briefly at Caernarfon, then Tremadoc, followed by Ynyscynhaearn, where another sister, Elizabeth Jane, was born in 1869. They next moved to Croesor when William became manager of the slate quarry, living at Tan-y-Bryn where they had three more children. Josiah was born in 1872. He became a schoolteacher and also started Kellow & Company, coal merchants of Portmadoc. For some reason, Moses and Josiah Kellow were not on speaking terms for many years. Emily Maria was born 1875 and John born 1878 (he became a minister in the United Free Methodist Church and died of tuberculosis while on missionary work in South Africa). Moses took over from his father as quarry manager and moved to Bryn, Croesor after 1891. William’s mother, Nell, was born in 1869 in Llanfrothen and was the daughter of another quarry manager, Thomas Williams, and the sister of O.T. Williams, a well-known barrister residing in Criccieth.<\/p>\n William Kellow attended school in Portmadoc followed by Dulwich College in London. According to the 1911 census he boarded at Ivyholme, a residence connected to the college. He was the only one of the war deceased from Llanfrothen Parish to have attended university, having obtained a place at Gonville & Caius College, Cambridge studying for a Bachelor of Arts in Engineering and Science. While there he was a prominent member of the Welsh Society, becoming a particularly close friend of John Cecil-Williams, who was later to become Secretary of ‘Anrhydeddus Gymdeithas y Cymmrodorion’\u00a0(the ‘Cymmrodorion Society’; a Welsh cultural, literary and philanthropic organisation), a position he held for almost thirty years.<\/p>\n Immediately after gaining his degree William joined the recently formed Royal Flying Corps, the air arm of the British Army, becoming a 2nd Lieutenant\/Pilot in the 22nd Squadron. The novelty of war fought in the air cannot be overemphasised. It was only a little over a year before the war commenced that the first airplane landed in the Llanfrothen area, at the Portmadoc agricultural show in June 1913. It was surrounded by crowds of people eager to see for themselves this new technological marvel. The pilot, ironically a German national, offered to give free rides around the harbour to anyone game enough to climb aboard. One newspaper report recounts that the first to volunteer was an elderly woman who had showed more of a plucky and adventurous spirit than the many younger observers.<\/p>\n Being accepted by the Flying Corps was a real achievement for William Kellow as nearly half of all applicants failed at the initial training stage. The squadron’s main task was to conduct aerial reconnaissance of German military capabilities on the Western Front though they also saw action in several battles. In April 1918 the Royal Flying Corps amalgamated with the Royal Naval Air Service to become the Royal Air Force. On September 17th 1918, William Kellow and fellow 2nd Lieutenant H.A. Felton took off on a routine patrol at 14.30 hours from Maisoncelle aerodrome, three km north-west of Blagny sur Ternoise in Northern France. Their squadron had been based at the aerodrome for only six weeks\u00a0and they were flying a relatively new aircraft, the Bristol F2b (serial number E2519), known by pilots as the ‘Brisfit’. Powered by a single Rolls Royce Falcon III V12 275hp engine, it was capable of a top speed of 212 km\/hr and was armed with two guns; a synchronised forward firing Vickers machine gun and a rear firing Lewis gun.\u00a0Unlike its predecessor, the Bristol F2a, the F2b was popular among pilots because of its much greater manoeuvrability, however, the engines were prone to be unreliable. Nevertheless, the company’s order books were full and before the end of the war the Bristol Company had received orders for 5,500 of these planes, although after the Armistice many of these orders were cancelled. The model remained in service until 1931.<\/p>\n Later that afternoon, Kellow and Felton’s F2b was reported as missing. Observers later informed the squadron that they had been shot down during aerial combat east of Cambrai. Both men were killed instantly. They might well have survived if they had worn parachutes but these were not provided by the RAF, though German airmen were supplied. In a further example of disregard for the men under their command, the powers that be felt that if British airmen had parachutes they would be too ready to abandon their aircraft in an emergency rather than continuing to fight. This sort of top-down indifference vindicates those very attitudes which Michael Gove, for one, summarily dismisses as “left wing mythology.<\/em>” It is the same attitude that saw nothing wrong in the Duke of Westminster performing his duties as a military officer while driving around France (no doubt at times underneath pilots like William Kellow) in his personal Rolls Royce fitted with a Hotchkiss machine gun, while the men under his command cowered in cold muddy trenches, forced to run in front of machine gun nests with fixed bayonets for protection, or falling from the sky without a parachute. And after the war the Duke even relieved the navy of a destroyer at a bargain basement price, having it fitted out to use as his personal yacht. It is sadly ironic, then, that on the day before William Kellow died, the RAF had eventually changed its mind about providing parachutes to airmen.<\/p>\n William Kellow’s body was recovered and he is buried at Naves Communal Cemetery Extension in Northern France, along with 218 others, 204 of whom are British. In all, the RAF and their predecessor corps lost 9,378 airmen in the war. Less than a year later, in July 1919, Moses Kellow lost Nel to illness aged 51 years, only a week after hosting a welcome home party for those soldiers from Croesor lucky enough to return home.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n David Mathias Williams (1892-1919)<\/strong><\/p>\n David Mathias Williams’ family have a long history in Rhyd. They were living there in 1891, at Bryntirion, in 1901 at Ty Newydd, and again at Bryntirion in 1911. Some members remained there for much longer, however. \u00a0The father, Evan Williams, was well known in the local community as a coal and flour merchant but also as a stalwart of the Calvinistic Methodist Chapel in Llanfrothen. He was a pious man who organised the Sunday school and wrote a number of articles on the history of nonconformist Christianity in the Ffestiniog area. He was born locally in 1842. The mother was Catherine, though known as Kate. She was born 1869 in Beddgelert to Robert (born 1842) and Catherine Williams (born 1844).<\/p>\n Kate was Evan Williams’ second wife. He had a son, Robert Evan, born in 1873, with his first wife. He went on to have three daughters and three sons with Kate. The first was Ellen, born in summer 1890. She married a Jones and later lived at Bodlondeb, Rhyd. David Mathias followed, born in 1892. Next was William (Willie) Cadwaldr in 1895. He was an army Quartermaster during the war, serving in Palestine. Afterward he became a farmer. Magdalen (known as Maude) was born in 1897, married a Williams and went to live in St Julian Friars, Shrewsbury, England. Ieuan was born 1899. He married a woman named Maude and they lived at Ty Newydd, Rhyd for many years. He died in 1964 aged 66 years and Maude died the following year aged 68 years. In 1958 Ieuan donated a number of documents relating to his father to the National Library of Wales in Aberystwyth. These include many years of account books for his business and other personal papers dated 1865-1909 and correspondence from a number of colleagues including the well-known Calvinistic Methodist minister William Richard Jones (1840-1898) who wrote often controversial articles under the pseudonyms ‘Siluriad’ and ‘Goleufryn’.\u00a0The last child, also named Kate, was born in 1900.<\/p>\n We know a little more about David Mathias Williams than the other men named on the war memorial. We know that he took after his father, in that he was a very religious boy. Between 13-16 years of age he wrote sermons which won him a number of prizes. These too were donated to the National Library of Wales by his brother, Ieuan. He also gained first prize at an Urdd for a sketch. He attended secondary school in Blaenau Ffestiniog and in 1906, aged fourteen years he was employed by the North and South Wales Bank in Liverpool, moving later to their Holyhead and Rhyl branches. His father died in 1909 when he was seventeen years of age and he joined the Territorial Army at Shrewsbury less than two years later in January 1911 where he became one of the best marksmen in his battalion. Immediately before the war he was employed at the London City and Midland Bank in Colwyn Bay.<\/p>\n He did two tours of duty in the Middle East with the 5th Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers. On the first, he embarked on HMT Caledonian in July 1915 for Turkey and served at Gallipoli. An extract from a letter he sent to his cousin Hannah, who lived at Tanlan, Llanfrothen, was published in ‘Yr Herald Gymraeg’ on Tuesday November 16th 1915. He thanks her for her gift of cigarettes and he mentions meeting up with two local lads, Willie (most likely his brother William Cadwaladr who he fought alongside for a time) & Ned (who Hannah obviously knows) who were also serving in Egypt, sharing cocoa with them and mentions having to wash using a pint of water and an old shirt sleeve as a cloth and commenting how the desert sand gets into everything.<\/p>\n He was discharged from the army soon afterward but rejoined his battalion at Flint in February 1916 for a further four years service as a Serjeant (regimental number 240101). In August 1916, he was awarded a letter of commendation signed by nineteen officers. He again embarked for the Middle East, this time from Devonport, on September 6th 1916, arriving on September 17th, joining his battalion a week later, with whom he spent much of the next three years fighting in Gallipoli, Palestine and Egypt. He was mentioned in dispatches and at one point he was offered a promotion but declined, not wanting to lose the company of his friends.<\/p>\n On November 17th 1918, six days after Armistice Day, he was diagnosed with malaria. Although it appears he made a recovery this was short lived. On January 7th 1919 his mother Kate received a letter in which he wrote that he was now “perfectly healthy”<\/em>, that same afternoon, however, she received a telegram stating that he had become critically ill and was in Alexandria General Hospital. He died of pneumonia a fortnight later on January 20th at 9.30 am, so weak he was unable to speak. He was 26 years of age and the war had been over for more than two months. David Mathias Williams was buried in Alexandria (Hadra) War Memorial Cemetery.<\/p>\n On hearing of his death, Mr Bradburn, manager of the Colwyn Bay Branch of the London City and Midland Bank penned a letter of condolence to Kate Williams stating that David Mathias would have had no difficulty attaining promotion within the bank as they had\u00a0“every trust in his honesty”\u00a0<\/em>and a newspaper obituary described him as\u00a0“a gentlemen and upright Christian.”<\/em>\u00a0 His mother received his personal effects on June 30th 1919, including a safety razor, diary and various books including a copy of the Gospel of St John. He was the second of the Llanfrothen deceased to have left a will and he proved to be considerably wealthier than his peers. His estate was valued at a little over \u00a32,147, somewhere in the region of \u00a393,000 today. In contrast, Lieutenant Hugh Jones left just \u00a357. He left everything to the brother he served alongside, William Cadwaladr.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Owen Evan Owen (1893-1919)<\/strong><\/p>\n It is uncertain why Owen Evan Owen is included on the Llanfrothen Parish war memorial. He was a merchant sailor, specifically a ship’s cook, and while merchant seamen who died as the result of enemy action were commemorated, Owen Evan was actually killed several months after the war ended in a non-military related event. It is entirely possible, however, that he saw action as part of a merchant convey during the war and for this reason his name has been honoured.<\/p>\n The Owen family lived in that area of Llanfrothen that is now part of Penrhyndeudraeth. In 1891 they were living at Penybwlch Cottage\u00a0<\/a>(the same place where, in 1915, William Robert William’s family moved). Sometime later, certainly before 1911, the family moved to nearby Cefn Meusydd. The father, Evan Owen, was born in 1848. He had a career as a merchant seaman, progressing to First Mate. Between 1886 and 1888 he was Second Mate on board the ‘Egyptian Monarch’ an iron screw steamship, with a gross tonnage of 3,915, sailing between London and New York. Renamed the ‘SS Ohio’ in 1893, it ran aground, carrying a cargo of railway sleepers off the Korean coast in October 1904 and was wrecked. Evan Owen was not on board, for by this time he was First Mate on the ‘SS Penrhyn’ of Beaumaris (owned by Baron Penrhyn; built on the Clyde in 1895 and scrapped in 1950 in Dublin). On census day 1901 the SS Penrhyn was berthed in Port Dinorwig and all members of the family were on board. His sailors licence number was CC # 97151 and he is sometimes erroneously referred to as ‘Owens’ in documentation. Evan Owen died sometime between 1905 and 1911. The Mother, Catherine (n\u00e9e Evans), was born 1858 at Pantwrach and is known to have lived there until at least 1881. She worked as a domestic servant and married Evan in 1887 in a civil ceremony while the groom was on leave from sea. They had two children, firstly Mary Ellen in 1889. She married a William Williams (1885-1975) and became a schoolteacher. She died in 1964. Their second child was Owen Evan, born 1893.<\/p>\n Evan followed his father and went to sea, though he was not as successful career-wise. In 1911 he was a ship’s cook (and youngest member of crew, aged 19 years) on board the ‘Elizabeth Roberts’, a small steel schooner docked at Newhaven harbour in Sussex, England, along with three other men from North-West Wales (two from Barmouth and one from Penmorfa) and a Russian crew member. He appears to have remained working on commercial shipping throughout the war and in February 1919, three months after the war had ended, he was a crewman on board the ‘Joseph Davis’ a steel hulled ship of 97,534 tonnes, owned by James Westoll Ltd of Sunderland, England. \u00a0The ship had a regular run between Cardiff and Gibraltar carrying a cargo of coal. On February 10th, 1919 an SOS was sent from the ship reporting that she was in imminent danger of sinking after hitting rocks, 25 nautical miles northwest from Phare du Cr\u00e9ac’h lighthouse (the most powerful in the world at the westernmost point of France) on Ushant Island (also known as Ile d’Ouessant). No more sightings were made and it is presumed all twenty-five crew lost their lives. It was the sixth ship in three years to be lost in the vicinity.<\/p>\n In ‘The Sociology of Trench Warfare 1914-18’, A E Ashworth quotes a British soldier:<\/p>\n “Hatred of the enemy, so strenuously fostered in training days, largely faded away in the line. We somehow realised that individually they were very like ourselves, just as fed up and anxious to be done with it all.”<\/em><\/p>\n We can be sure that for every Welshman from a rural community who died in the war there will be his counterpart in France or Germany or wherever; as one of the most enduring truisms of the war states, “a worker at both ends of a bayonet<\/em>.”\u00a0And, as the artist B\u00e9la Zombory-Moldov\u00e1n\u00a0<\/a>wrote in his personal memoir of the war ‘The Burning of the World’, let us never forget:<\/p>\n “The injured and insane…………..sent home to wander their cities like ghosts, to parade before the horrified eyes of their neighbours<\/em>.”<\/p>\n A sentiment echoed by Erich Maria Remarque who, in a series of \u00a0articles based on his novel ‘All Quiet on the Western Front’, published\u00a0in the Berlin newspaper,\u00a0‘Vossische Zeitun’ (November-December 1928) quoted a German soldier,\u00a0Paul B\u00e4umer, as saying:<\/p>\n “We are feelingless dead men who through a trick, a dangerous conjuring, can still run and kill……….I am just 20 years old but I know nothing of life but doubt and death<\/em>.”<\/p>\n B\u00e4umer\u00a0then goes on to describe\u00a0how on one memorable day their field cook prepared food for 150 soldiers, yet only 80 soldiers lived to have their meal.\u00a0Let us hope that all of these men, regardless of nationality, whether they perished in the war or not, die\u00a0only twice. Once when their body ceased to function and again when they are ceremonially given to the grave. A third death, when their names are spoken for the last time and then forgotten forever, would surely be as great an offence as having sent them to war in the first place.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t (Hedd Wyn)<\/p>\n\t ‘The Blood Of The Lads, It Falls Like Rain: Portraits Of The Slain From The Rural Welsh Parish Of Llanfrothen In The First World War’. Original images and written content \u00a9 Gary Hill 2015. All rights reserved. Not in public domain. If you wish to use my work for anything other than legal ‘fair use’ (i.e., non-profit educational or scholarly research or critique purposes) please contact me<\/a><\/strong> for permission first.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t The Blood Of The Lads, It Falls Like Rain: Portraits Of The Slain From The Rural Welsh Parish Of Llanfrothen In The First World War Gary Hill “Heavy weather, heavy soul, heavy heart. That is an uncomfortable trinity, isn’t it?” (Welsh poet, Hedd Wyn, from a letter home, from the front) •Part 1: Tales of … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"slim_seo":{"title":"The Blood Of The Lads","description":"Portraits of the slain from the rural Welsh parish of Llanfrothen during the First World War"},"footnotes":""},"folder":[27],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/irefuteitthus.local\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/109"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/irefuteitthus.local\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/irefuteitthus.local\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/irefuteitthus.local\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/irefuteitthus.local\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=109"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/irefuteitthus.local\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/109\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1269,"href":"https:\/\/irefuteitthus.local\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/109\/revisions\/1269"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/irefuteitthus.local\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=109"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"folder","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/irefuteitthus.local\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/folder?post=109"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n\u200b<\/em>
\nThis shallow analysis and understatement appears alongside a full page advertisement informing readers somewhat more confidently that it was\u00a0“a good day if you’re thinking about buying a corset.”<\/em>\u00a0How wrong they were. And how wrong and pitiless some of them remain, evidenced a century on by the then Conservative Minister for Education Michael Gove’s ludicrously insensate remark that the present preoccupation with the war as being, in the words of poet Robert Graves (who fought with the Royal Welsh Fusiliers),\u00a0“monstrous stupidness and futility”<\/em>, is no more than\u00a0“left-wing mythology.”<\/em>\n\n\t\t•Part 2: Who’s War Was It?•\n\t<\/h2>\n\t
![\"Graveyard](\"http:\/\/irefuteitthus.local\/wp-content\/uploads\/cym0231bw10x5.jpg\" "\\"cym0231bw10x5\\"")
\n\t![\"Hugh](\"http:\/\/irefuteitthus.local\/wp-content\/uploads\/9305765-4_orig.jpg\" "\\"9305765-4_orig\\"")
\n\t
\nThe wasted young, turning up under their plough blades<\/em>
\nAs they tended the land back into itself<\/em>\n
\nA Ffeflyn oedd ‘n y Cwm.<\/em>
\nA hiraeth am y gwron,<\/em>
\nFud sanga’r fro yn drwm;<\/em>
\nFe garai cwm ei febyd.<\/em>
\nA hoffai pawb ‘n y fro,<\/em>
\nCymwynas lanwai’i fywyd.<\/em>
\nA ffrynd i bawb oedd o,<\/em>
\nFe garai hedd y bryniau.<\/em>
\nA’i mwyn awelon pur,<\/em>
\nFe’i magwyd are u llethrau.<\/em>
\nO swn rhyfelgar gur,<\/em>
\nOnd corn y gad adseiniodd,<\/em>
\nUn dydd dros fryniau’i hedd.<\/em>
\nA’Risiad a’i atebodd,<\/em>
\nYmladdodd hyd ei fedd,<\/em>
\nEr cadw’n gwlad a’i breintiau<\/em>
\nEi fywyd ieuanc mad,<\/em>
\nO’i wirfodd dan ei arfau.<\/em>
\nA roddodd yn y gad<\/em>
\nA hiraedd sydd yn cwydro,<\/em>
\nI Ffrainc dros donnau’r aig,<\/em>
\nCan’s gyfaill “nad a’n ango”<\/em>
\nOedd Risiad Penygraig.<\/em>
\nDistawa rhu magnelau,<\/em>
\nFe beidia tinc y cledd.<\/em>
\nOnd hiraeth ein calonau,<\/em>
\nA bery hyd y bedd:<\/em>
\nTra Moelwyn yn y cread.<\/em>
\nTra m\u00f4r yn ffurfio’i aig,<\/em>
\nBydd hiraeth pur am Risiad,<\/em>
\nAr aelwyd Penygraig.<\/em>
\nI faes y gwaed yn Ypres,<\/em>
\nGwahoddaf natur dlos,<\/em>
\nI harddu, er yr ormes.<\/em>
\nEi feddrod gyda rhos,<\/em>
\nAc onid tawel dystio<\/em>
\nA wnant wrth fyd di-hedd<\/em>
\nFod rhosyn tlysach yno<\/em>
\nErs deuddeg mis yn y bedd.<\/em>\n![\"Weathered](\"http:\/\/irefuteitthus.local\/wp-content\/uploads\/cym0164bw15x10.jpg\" "\\"cym0164bw15x10\\"")
\n\t\n\t\t•Part 3: A Brief Epilogue for Short Lives•\n\t<\/h2>\n\t
![\"A](\"http:\/\/irefuteitthus.local\/wp-content\/uploads\/CYM0016CL10X10P.jpg\" "\\"CYM0016CL10X10P\\"")
\n\tThe harps that once could help our pain<\/em>
\nHang silent, to the willows pinned.<\/em>
\nThe cry of battle fills the wind<\/em>
\nAnd the blood of the lads – it falls like rain<\/em>\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t![\"Logo](\"http:\/\/irefuteitthus.local\/wp-content\/uploads\/logo-small.png\" "\\"LOGO"){kind=logo}
\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"